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The mobile versions of services such as Google Maps or Open Street Maps allow the exploration of maps on smartphones and tablets. The gestures used are the pinch to adjust the zoom level and the drag/flick to move the map. In this paper, two new gestures to adjust the zoom level of maps (but also of images and documents) are presented. Both gesture...
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... gestures designed for tablets, namely Two-Finger-Tap, let users zoom in by tap- ping the screen with two fingers suitably spaced. Figure 1 displays the whole zoom process: in the first step, users tap with two fingers the target area to be zoomed. In the second step, the algorithm identifies the area comprehended between the fingers (ideally, it may be a circle), which is enlarged automatically up to cover the map container as shown in step 3. ...
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... the questionnaire, each user performed 20 tasks (split in five stages, two for tablets and three for smartphones, see Fig. 13) devoted to the time measurements of the pinch in comparison with the new ...
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... each stage, the tasks executed by users consisted in zooming inside a rectangle that identified a fragment of the world established by the experimenter. In any case, the zoom started from the whole world (Fig. 14, left). The first task consists in zooming inside the rectangle (53122 km 2 ) that comprehends Sicily (Fig. 14, task 1) an Italian island. The second task consists in zooming inside the rectangle (4.5 km 2 ) that com- prehends Bicocca (Fig. 14, task 2), a neighborhood of Milan. The third task consists in zooming inside the rectangle (121820 ...
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... each stage, the tasks executed by users consisted in zooming inside a rectangle that identified a fragment of the world established by the experimenter. In any case, the zoom started from the whole world (Fig. 14, left). The first task consists in zooming inside the rectangle (53122 km 2 ) that comprehends Sicily (Fig. 14, task 1) an Italian island. The second task consists in zooming inside the rectangle (4.5 km 2 ) that com- prehends Bicocca (Fig. 14, task 2), a neighborhood of Milan. The third task consists in zooming inside the rectangle (121820 km 2 ) that comprehends the eastern part of the Denmark (Fig. 14, task 3). The fourth task consists in zooming ...
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... of the world established by the experimenter. In any case, the zoom started from the whole world (Fig. 14, left). The first task consists in zooming inside the rectangle (53122 km 2 ) that comprehends Sicily (Fig. 14, task 1) an Italian island. The second task consists in zooming inside the rectangle (4.5 km 2 ) that com- prehends Bicocca (Fig. 14, task 2), a neighborhood of Milan. The third task consists in zooming inside the rectangle (121820 km 2 ) that comprehends the eastern part of the Denmark (Fig. 14, task 3). The fourth task consists in zooming inside the rectangle (2361 km 2 ) that comprehends Berlin (Fig. 14, task 4). The average time on the 18 users was calculated both for ...
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... the rectangle (53122 km 2 ) that comprehends Sicily (Fig. 14, task 1) an Italian island. The second task consists in zooming inside the rectangle (4.5 km 2 ) that com- prehends Bicocca (Fig. 14, task 2), a neighborhood of Milan. The third task consists in zooming inside the rectangle (121820 km 2 ) that comprehends the eastern part of the Denmark (Fig. 14, task 3). The fourth task consists in zooming inside the rectangle (2361 km 2 ) that comprehends Berlin (Fig. 14, task 4). The average time on the 18 users was calculated both for smartphones and tablets for each place and every gesture (gray rows in Fig. 13). The total time, for each gesture, was calculated summing the exe- cution times of ...
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... in zooming inside the rectangle (4.5 km 2 ) that com- prehends Bicocca (Fig. 14, task 2), a neighborhood of Milan. The third task consists in zooming inside the rectangle (121820 km 2 ) that comprehends the eastern part of the Denmark (Fig. 14, task 3). The fourth task consists in zooming inside the rectangle (2361 km 2 ) that comprehends Berlin (Fig. 14, task 4). The average time on the 18 users was calculated both for smartphones and tablets for each place and every gesture (gray rows in Fig. 13). The total time, for each gesture, was calculated summing the exe- cution times of each place (the red row in Fig. ...
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... inside the rectangle (121820 km 2 ) that comprehends the eastern part of the Denmark (Fig. 14, task 3). The fourth task consists in zooming inside the rectangle (2361 km 2 ) that comprehends Berlin (Fig. 14, task 4). The average time on the 18 users was calculated both for smartphones and tablets for each place and every gesture (gray rows in Fig. 13). The total time, for each gesture, was calculated summing the exe- cution times of each place (the red row in Fig. ...
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... task consists in zooming inside the rectangle (2361 km 2 ) that comprehends Berlin (Fig. 14, task 4). The average time on the 18 users was calculated both for smartphones and tablets for each place and every gesture (gray rows in Fig. 13). The total time, for each gesture, was calculated summing the exe- cution times of each place (the red row in Fig. ...
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... between distributions is significant (Z = −3.462; p = 0.001). The average zoom speed with Two-Finger-Tap on smartphones is 16960 ms (SD = 3092) whereas with the traditional pinch is 20482 ms (SD = 2721). The new gesture Two-Finger-Tap on smartphones saves 17 % of time (even though this gesture is not that appreciated by users as shown in Fig. 12). The difference between distributions is significant (Z = −3.506; p < ...
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... Fig. 13 for the average of the execution times, standard deviations and com- parisons among places. Significant differences between distributions are marked with an ...
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... Little relevance is given to the speed tests results in this study. Actually, on tablets, the Two-Finger-Tap has a moderate advantage in comparison with the pinch. Regarding smartphones, the 15 % of time saved given by the Tap&Tap does not seem to be that relevant for users. Taking into account the absolute times shown in Fig. 13, in the best of the cases, an advantage of around 2 s is given by the new gestures. These advantages seem to be irrelevant in the regular use of maps. At any rate, there are other relevant factors to highlight; besides the little advantages in terms of execution time, the new gestures are considered useful by users because they allow ...
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... comparable with the traditional pinch. Although the execution time analysis is not used to spread out inexistent advan- tages, it could be useful to understand more about the new gestures. Actually, an improvement of execution times directly proportional with the depth of zoom was expected. This hypothesis was rejected by the results shown in Fig. 13. In particular, the task in which the highest depth of zoom is needed (Bicocca, 4.5 km 2 ) does not display better results than the task in which the lowest depth of zoom is needed (Denmark, 121820 km 2 ). For example, the Two-Finger-Tap on tablets saves 24 % of time on the task of Bicocca and 42 % on the task of Denmark. These results ...
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... The zoom phase occurs when the map is enlarged or stretched (Fig. 15A). 2. The drag 5 phase occurs when the map is moved centering the target area to zoom (Fig. 15B). 3. The planning phase occurs when users (release the finger from the screen - Fig. 15C - and) plan the next action (another zoom or drag phase). The planning usually also includes the time needed by the system to load new tiles. 6 In fact, ...
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... The zoom phase occurs when the map is enlarged or stretched (Fig. 15A). 2. The drag 5 phase occurs when the map is moved centering the target area to zoom (Fig. 15B). 3. The planning phase occurs when users (release the finger from the screen - Fig. 15C - and) plan the next action (another zoom or drag phase). The planning usually also includes the time needed by the system to load new tiles. 6 In fact, if the map is not refreshed, users cannot plan the next action easily (unless they go blindly, ...
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... The zoom phase occurs when the map is enlarged or stretched (Fig. 15A). 2. The drag 5 phase occurs when the map is moved centering the target area to zoom (Fig. 15B). 3. The planning phase occurs when users (release the finger from the screen - Fig. 15C - and) plan the next action (another zoom or drag phase). The planning usually also includes the time needed by the system to load new tiles. 6 In fact, if the map is not refreshed, users cannot plan the next action easily (unless they go blindly, remem- bering the place locations even when the map is not loaded ...
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... general, both the new gestures let users save time on the zoom and drag phases whereas the execution time of the planning phase increases (unlike the expectations). Figure 16 shows that every difference among zoom, drag and planning Fig. 15. Three zoom phases: zoom (A), drag (B) and planning (C). 5 The more skilled users who use the traditional pinch are usually able to merge the zoom and the drag phase. ...
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... section shows how different gestures employ time considering the afore- mentioned phases. In general, both the new gestures let users save time on the zoom and drag phases whereas the execution time of the planning phase increases (unlike the expectations). Figure 16 shows that every difference among zoom, drag and planning Fig. 15. Three zoom phases: zoom (A), drag (B) and planning (C). 5 The more skilled users who use the traditional pinch are usually able to merge the zoom and the drag phase. In other words, they are able to zoom and move the map at the same time. Anyway, it is not always convenient and/or possible when the target area to zoom is near the ...
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... average time of planning on the pinch is 8965 ms (SD = 3016), whereas on the Two-Finger-Tap is 10536 ms (SD = 4133). Figure 16 shows the histograms of the total execution times (the same of the red row in Fig. 13) for each gesture: the drag phase is colored in blue, the zoom phase is colored in green and the planning phase is colored in yellow. ...
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... is 381 ms (SD = 468). The average time of zoom on the pinch is 11722 ms (SD = 2220), whereas on the Two finger-Tap is 4416 ms (SD = 1256). The average time of planning on the pinch is 8965 ms (SD = 3016), whereas on the Two-Finger-Tap is 10536 ms (SD = 4133). Figure 16 shows the histograms of the total execution times (the same of the red row in Fig. 13) for each gesture: the drag phase is colored in blue, the zoom phase is colored in green and the planning phase is colored in ...
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... percentage terms -on the task on Bicocca (higher zoom) is lower than the one on Denmark (lower zoom) as noted in the previous section. Zooming in on Bicocca, in fact, requires different zoom sequences; so that, the plan- ning time increases, probably, because users feel more disoriented due to the repeated zoom sequences. This way, as shown in Fig. 17, the advantages related to the higher zoom speed of the new gestures are partially lost due to the lower planning speed. Figure 17 shows the example of tablets but the same also occurs with the new gestures for smartphones. In any case, the planning time is likely to decrease if users get used to working with the new ...
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... way, as shown in Fig. 17, the advantages related to the higher zoom speed of the new gestures are partially lost due to the lower planning speed. Figure 17 shows the example of tablets but the same also occurs with the new gestures for smartphones. In any case, the planning time is likely to decrease if users get used to working with the new gestures. ...
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Citations
... In Cyclostar [36], a new touch gesture for zooming on maps was introduced: the speed of zoom depends on the speed (periodicity) of elliptical oscillatory gestures. Tap&Tap [6] is a new gesture to zoom for maps displayed on smartphones. The gesture lets users zoom in by touching in fast sequences two different points of the map. ...
We present SEQUENCE, a novel interaction technique for selecting objects from a distance. Objects display different rhythmic patterns by means of animated dots, and users can select one of them by matching the pattern through a sequence of taps on a smartphone. The technique works by exploiting the temporal coincidences between patterns displayed by objects and sequences of taps performed on a smartphone: if a sequence matches with the pattern displayed by an object, the latter is selected. We propose two different alternatives for displaying rhythmic sequences associated with objects: the first one uses fixed dots (FD), the second one rotating dots (RD). Moreover, we performed two evaluations on such alternatives. The first evaluation, carried out with five participants, was aimed to discover the most appropriate speed for displaying animated rhythmic patterns. The second evaluation, carried out on 12 participants, was aimed to discover errors (i.e., activation of unwanted objects), missed activations (within a certain time), and time of activations. Overall, the proposed design alternatives perform in similar ways (errors, 2.8% for FD and 3.7% for RD; missed, 1.3% for FD and 0.9% for RD; time of activation, 3862 ms for FD and 3789 ms for RD).
... Zooming and panning are currently the two most common content navigation techniques. We only present a high level overview from the significant body of work on novel techniques which researchers have proposed for content navigation [1,4,11,25,26,32]. Aside from pinch gestures, another common zooming technique is double-tap. ...
Smartwatches enable rapid access to information anytime and anywhere. However, current smartwatch content navigation techniques, for panning and zooming, were directly adopted from those used on smartphones. These techniques are cumbersome when performed on small smartwatch screens and have not been evaluated for their support in mobility and encumbrance contexts (when the user's hands are busy). We studied the effect of mobility and encumbrance on common content navigation techniques and found a significant decrease in performance as the pace of mobility increases or when the user was encumbered with busy hands. Based on these initial findings, we proposed a design space which would improve efficiency when navigation techniques, such as panning and zooming, are employed in mobility contexts. Our results reveal that our design space can effectively be used to create novel interaction techniques that improve smartwatch content navigation in mobility and encumbrance contexts.
... The importance of animated transitions is well-known in the literature [17]. Finally, since users generally prefer to use smartphones with just one hand [6], we designed interactions accordingly: smartphone control interfaces permit gestures (i.e. tap, swipe, drag) that can be performed with just one hand. ...
We present Touch&Screen, a wide set of interaction techniques for the remote control of widgets (menu, lists, videos, maps etc.) for large screens through smartphones. After presenting the design of these widgets and the related control interfaces of the smartphone, we evaluated the interaction through two user studies. The first study (48 users) aimed to evaluate the user experience (naturalness, usability, etc.) and spontaneity of use. The second user study (12 users) aimed to evaluate our interaction techniques comparatively with direct touch and a commercial smartphone application designed to control cursors on distant screens. The evaluation results show that Touch&Screen is faster and more natural than existing solutions to control distant screens.
Two-finger operations, such as rotation operations and zoom operations, are now standard touchscreen operations. However, these two-finger operations may pose an ergonomic problem when they are performed with one hand. FingerSkate is an interaction technique to mitigate the ergonomic problem of two-finger operations adopting the concept of gesture relaxation. A preliminary study showed that the FingerSkate technique was accepted well by the participants. In particular, a micro-analysis of finger movements during the study showed that FingerSkate was utilized well for large rotations. In a subsequent user study, the effects of two FingerSkate design options, Concurrency and Pivot, were examined. The Concurrency option had statistically a significant effect on performance and task workload for a docking task. The Pivot option had a statistically significant effect on task workload for a puzzle task. More participants preferred the sequential Concurrency option, and most participants preferred the center-of-object Pivot option.
