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This paper builds a comprehensive supply chain model of the US broiler industry that accounts for corn and soybean meal, feed mills, breeders, hatcheries, grow-out farms, broiler processing, value-added processing, and international trade. The model is calibrated and simulated to analyze the effects of (1) corn and soybeans tariffs imposed by China...
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... 20 companies account for approximately 96% of broiler production, and the top three account for 50% of total broiler supply ( Goodwin, 2005;MacDonald, 2014). Advancements in genetics, vertical integration, and concentration in the broiler industry led to more efficient production and lower average cost, which resulted in broiler production increasing from 6,437.1 million lb. in 1966 to 41,662 million lb. in 2017 (see Figure 1). Furthermore, broiler production surpassed that of pork in 1985 and beef in 1994 because of the substantially longer life cycle of beef cattle and swine. ...
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An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of organic and inorganic Fe sources on Fe absorption and expression of related transporters in the small intestine of broilers. Iron-deficient intact broilers (7-d-old) were fed an Fe-unsupplemented corn−soybean meal basal diet or the basal diet supplemented with 60 mg Fe/kg as Fe sulfate (FeSO4...
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... They analyzed the impact of Chinese tariffs on corn and soybeans. The analysis shows that feed prices have fallen while supply has increased, which has reduced production costs for breeders and growing farms [10]. ...
With the increasingly close trade between China and the United States, a large number of soybeans grown in the United States were exported to the Chinese market, and the trade volume gradually increased. After decades of expansion, Sino-US agricultural trade has entered a competitive situation. And agricultural trade frictions between the two countries have intensified since 2018 when China imposed a 25 percent tariff on soybeans imported from the United States. Taking export volume of U.S. soybean as the research object, through horizontal and longitudinal comparison, supplemented by data analysis, this paper studies the plight of US soybean export caused by the trade war. The consequences of trade frictions include lower incomes for farmers, economic and political deterioration in farm states, loss of market advantage for United States processed soybeans for a short time. In order to alleviate the above difficulties, it is necessary to improve the emergency mechanism, expand the export destination of soybeans, and develop trade with other agricultural products in China, which can also provide reference for export risk control and agricultural product structure improvement.
... In this vein, Carter and Steinbach (2020) and Grant et al. (2021) consider the effects of China's tariffs on US agricultural products. Many other studies also assess the impacts of the dispute on specific commodities, including cotton (Sabala & Devadoss, 2021c;Yuan et al., 2020), corn (Balistreri et al., 2018), soybeans (Adjemian et al., 2021;Sabala & Devadoss, 2021b), sorghum (Sabala & Devadoss, 2021a;Zhang & Marchant, 2019), poultry (Unveren & Luckstead, 2020), and others. Although the US-China dispute represents only one element of our analysis, we build on this existing literature by assessing the longer run impacts of this dispute as relating to broader aspects of the international cotton market. ...
Cotton is a cornerstone of global fiber markets, and many importing and exporting countries play important roles in the global cotton market. The US cotton sector has long been one of the world's largest. However, Brazil's cotton production has rapidly grown, and the country has become one of the leading cotton producers, accounting for an ever‐increasing share of world cotton production and trade. This meteoric rise has put Brazil's cotton sector in frequent competition with the United States over export sales and market share. We empirically investigate how the expansion of the Brazilian cotton sector has impacted the US cotton sector's position in world markets by quantifying the extent to which rising Brazilian production has caused reallocations of US exports. We also explore how the recent US–China trade war affected these market dynamics by assessing the impacts of China's retaliatory tariffs on US cotton. Our results show that Brazil's cotton production has caused a major disruption to US cotton exports, resulting in a significant reduction in US exports to large cotton importers such as China, Vietnam, and Pakistan, and that these trends were reversed (at least temporarily) by the US–China trade dispute. By illustrating how competitive forces and trade disputes have shaped recent market dynamics for this key commodity, our work adds to the growing literature examining the interplay between competition and trade policy in the global agricultural sector.
... Given the imperative of maintaining the quality of their breeding lines, in Mexico these firms typically only sell their pedigree stock to companies of sufficient size to ensure continuous high-volume sales, giving priority to the largest integrators that account for over half of broiler production. However, mirroring practices by dominant firms in the US (Leonard, 2014;Unveren & Luckstead, 2020), these arrangements heightened concerns about farmers and the terms of their growing-out arrangements with large integrators-except where growers' associations offered protection against the imposition of lower prices. Alternatively, small farmers acquired DOCs from less sanitary informal sources, albeit in a minor percentage of cases(Centeno Bautista et al., 2007;OECD, 2018). ...
... • Renewed efforts to improve productivity in the cultivation of maize to reduce imports of animal feed-currently 22% of total annual supply, even as domestic output increased by over 15 million t between 2005 and 2016 (FAO, 2021)-while lowering costs of broiler production and local FCRs, as well as reducing exposure to volatility in international commodity markets. This is a task made more difficult with the outbreak of the US-China trade dispute in 2018 that drove down the price of maize and soybean in the US (Unveren & Luckstead, 2020). Additionally, global warming and climate change require a reorientation of rain-fed production away from hybrid to native varieties accompanied by more farmer-based seed systems (Ureta et al., 2020). ...
... In light of Chile's recent exports of chicken to the US (Unveren & Luckstead, 2020), Peru's private poultry (integrators') association-the AVA-has teamed up with the government's National Agricultural Sanitation Service with a T A B L E 3 Indicators for value chains for broilers in Brazil, Mexico, and Peru view to certifying certain growing areas as avian disease-free over the coming four years in order to help develop export markets (Contreras Flores, 2019). ...
Latin America witnessed massive increases in production and consumption of chicken meat over the last sixty years and well beyond its share of the developing world’s population. Chicken now accounts for a noteworthy source of livestock protein in regional diets; leads livestock production in 25 out of the region´s 33 countries; production, slaughtering and sales provide 000,000s of jobs. To analyse growth rates for chicken meat in Latin America, why they differed, how the role of innovation and development policies contributed to bringing them about leading to the patterns of governance of these activities at the present time. This study utilised a modified value chain framework along with FAO statistics, national data, published and unpublished studies to analyse macro‐level developments and their linkages to shifts in the organisation of activities in the value chain for chicken from pre‐production through to consumption and trade from past to present. Different natural resource endowments, demographics, and dietary preferences combined with recurrent innovations and an array of policy measures led to a spectacular surge in output, productivity, lower costs and facilitated a steady rise in consumption as chicken production experienced major shifts in the location of regional output over the last sixty years and the concentration of these activities in a few very large firms in Brazil, Mexico, and Peru. Include: greater transparency in grower contracts, better working conditions for slaughterhouse workers and bird catchers, more environmentally and bird friendly chicken production, accelerated adoption of practices as per Principles for Responsible Investment in Agriculture and Food Systems in the value chain for broilers in LAC, and improved enforcement of laws and regulations governing the technical and financial operations of value chains for chicken with renewed collaboration among government authorities to that effect.
... customer demands are largely dependent on the selling price and the expiration date. Unveren & Luckstead (2020) proposed a simulation model for analyzing the US broiler industry under corn and soybeans tariff imposed by China and the variation of the Canadian tariff-rate quota proposed by Mexico-Canada-Agreement. To make the appropriate decisions about bio-poultry-mass supply and product distribution, Balaman & Selim (2014) developed a mixed integer linear programming model to optimize the locations of biogas plants and biomass storages in order to have an effective poultry supply chain network. ...
The poultry industry is one of the most important agricultural sectors, which constitutes a significant part of the per capita consumption of protein and meat. Integrating operations of poultry industry sections including production, distribution and consumption becomes vital. Although the proper poultry supply chain has been established and made plenty of benefits for a long time, the global outbreak of COVID-19 shows that operations under pandemic are still challenge for the poultry industry. In this paper, the impacts of pandemic on poultry industry is investigated by developing a multi-period multi-modal stochastic poultry supply chain. Two models are developed aiming to mitigate the negative effects of pandemic occurrence through product stocking policy. In the first model, distribution system is in accordance with a multi-component structure, while the second model allows direct connections between suppliers (farmers) and demanders (customers). In both models, poultry productions are negatively affected by COVID 19. Due to the complexity of the model, a hybrid solution approach based on Branch and Cut and Dynamic Programming is developed. To validate the performance of the proposed model and solution procedure, a case study on the broiler industry in the state of Mississippi is performed. The results show that storing poultry products in the pre-pandemic along with direct logistics during pandemic period can save the broiler supply chain cost up to 30%.
