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This paper builds a comprehensive supply chain model of the US broiler industry that accounts for corn and soybean meal, feed mills, breeders, hatcheries, grow-out farms, broiler processing, value-added processing, and international trade. The model is calibrated and simulated to analyze the effects of (1) corn and soybeans tariffs imposed by China...
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... 20 companies account for approximately 96% of broiler production, and the top three account for 50% of total broiler supply ( Goodwin, 2005;MacDonald, 2014). Advancements in genetics, vertical integration, and concentration in the broiler industry led to more efficient production and lower average cost, which resulted in broiler production increasing from 6,437.1 million lb. in 1966 to 41,662 million lb. in 2017 (see Figure 1). Furthermore, broiler production surpassed that of pork in 1985 and beef in 1994 because of the substantially longer life cycle of beef cattle and swine. ...
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An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of organic and inorganic Fe sources on Fe absorption and expression of related transporters in the small intestine of broilers. Iron-deficient intact broilers (7-d-old) were fed an Fe-unsupplemented corn−soybean meal basal diet or the basal diet supplemented with 60 mg Fe/kg as Fe sulfate (FeSO4...
Citations
... Such contractual arrangements bypass traditional commodity markets. Poultry being such a highly integrated sector, multiple segments of the supply chain are controlled by individual companies with system shocks rippling through both the integrated and independent segments (Unveren and Luckstead, 2020). Goodwin, McKenzie, and Djunaidi (2003) state the contractual nature of the poultry industry causes differences in the dynamics of price discovery from livestock markets with price discovery occurring primarily at the wholesale level. ...
Relationships between broiler cut prices are evolving as production and consumer preferences change. Stronger price relationships are observed within white and dark meats categories than between them. This can be attributed to the unique substitutability of cuts within categories, while weaker relationships between categories arising from their roles, white meats are predominantly consumed domestically, while dark meats are more oriented towards export. The analysis also shows that own price is the main driver of price variation, suggesting that treating chicken as a single category may be misleading. Considering different cuts may offer valuable insights into economic/market analysis for other meats.
... Advances in disease control, improved welfare standards, and a reduction in antibiotic usage are essential for maintaining healthy flocks and producing highquality meat. Strategies such as the development of vaccines, the implementation of welfare-friendly production methods, and the use of alternative health management practices are increasingly being adopted to ensure the well-being of broilers [4]. ...
The future of broiler farming is currently influenced by various factors such as technological advancements, environmental sustainability, animal health, and welfare, nutrition and feed efficiency, market dynamics, consumer preferences, regulatory frameworks, biosecurity challenges, climate change, and economic pressures. Precision agriculture, robots, and genetic enhancements are revolutionizing production efficiency and animal well-being. The industry must simultaneously work on reducing its carbon footprint, improving waste management, and optimizing water usage to lessen environmental impacts. Improvements in disease control, welfare standards, and the decrease in antibiotic usage are essential for maintaining animal health. Furthermore, investigating different feed sources and utilizing precision nutrition methods provide opportunities to enhance feed efficiency and product quality. Global market realities and changing customer preferences for transparency and sustainability require flexible methods. Regulatory frameworks are crucial in fostering innovation and tackling trade obstacles. Broiler farming faces challenges such as biosecurity hazards, climate change, and economic pressures despite making progress. Collaborative research and the incorporation of new technology offer chances for sustainable development. This chapter emphasizes the significance of innovation, sustainability, and ethics in influencing the future of broiler farming. It urges stakeholders to collaborate in tackling these complex issues and opportunities.
... Studies by Carter and Steinbach (2020) and Grant et al. (2021) analyze the impacts of China's tariff retaliation on US agricultural products. Several other works analyze the impacts of the trade conflict on particular commodities and sectors: for instance, soybeans (Sabala and Devadoss, 2019;Adjemian, Smith, and He, 2021), sorghum (Zhang and Marchant, 2019;Sabala and Devadoss, 2022), cotton (Sabala and Devadoss, 2021), corn (Balistreri et al., 2018), poultry (Unveren and Luckstead, 2020), and others. The effects of the MFP subsidy program have also come under focus. ...
... They analyzed the impact of Chinese tariffs on corn and soybeans. The analysis shows that feed prices have fallen while supply has increased, which has reduced production costs for breeders and growing farms [10]. ...
With the increasingly close trade between China and the United States, a large number of soybeans grown in the United States were exported to the Chinese market, and the trade volume gradually increased. After decades of expansion, Sino-US agricultural trade has entered a competitive situation. And agricultural trade frictions between the two countries have intensified since 2018 when China imposed a 25 percent tariff on soybeans imported from the United States. Taking export volume of U.S. soybean as the research object, through horizontal and longitudinal comparison, supplemented by data analysis, this paper studies the plight of US soybean export caused by the trade war. The consequences of trade frictions include lower incomes for farmers, economic and political deterioration in farm states, loss of market advantage for United States processed soybeans for a short time. In order to alleviate the above difficulties, it is necessary to improve the emergency mechanism, expand the export destination of soybeans, and develop trade with other agricultural products in China, which can also provide reference for export risk control and agricultural product structure improvement.
... In this vein, Carter and Steinbach (2020) and Grant et al. (2021) consider the effects of China's tariffs on US agricultural products. Many other studies also assess the impacts of the dispute on specific commodities, including cotton (Sabala & Devadoss, 2021c;Yuan et al., 2020), corn (Balistreri et al., 2018), soybeans (Adjemian et al., 2021;Sabala & Devadoss, 2021b), sorghum (Sabala & Devadoss, 2021a;Zhang & Marchant, 2019), poultry (Unveren & Luckstead, 2020), and others. Although the US-China dispute represents only one element of our analysis, we build on this existing literature by assessing the longer run impacts of this dispute as relating to broader aspects of the international cotton market. ...
Cotton is a cornerstone of global fiber markets, and many importing and exporting countries play important roles in the global cotton market. The US cotton sector has long been one of the world's largest. However, Brazil's cotton production has rapidly grown, and the country has become one of the leading cotton producers, accounting for an ever‐increasing share of world cotton production and trade. This meteoric rise has put Brazil's cotton sector in frequent competition with the United States over export sales and market share. We empirically investigate how the expansion of the Brazilian cotton sector has impacted the US cotton sector's position in world markets by quantifying the extent to which rising Brazilian production has caused reallocations of US exports. We also explore how the recent US–China trade war affected these market dynamics by assessing the impacts of China's retaliatory tariffs on US cotton. Our results show that Brazil's cotton production has caused a major disruption to US cotton exports, resulting in a significant reduction in US exports to large cotton importers such as China, Vietnam, and Pakistan, and that these trends were reversed (at least temporarily) by the US–China trade dispute. By illustrating how competitive forces and trade disputes have shaped recent market dynamics for this key commodity, our work adds to the growing literature examining the interplay between competition and trade policy in the global agricultural sector.
... Given the imperative of maintaining the quality of their breeding lines, in Mexico these firms typically only sell their pedigree stock to companies of sufficient size to ensure continuous high-volume sales, giving priority to the largest integrators that account for over half of broiler production. However, mirroring practices by dominant firms in the US (Leonard, 2014;Unveren & Luckstead, 2020), these arrangements heightened concerns about farmers and the terms of their growing-out arrangements with large integrators-except where growers' associations offered protection against the imposition of lower prices. Alternatively, small farmers acquired DOCs from less sanitary informal sources, albeit in a minor percentage of cases(Centeno Bautista et al., 2007;OECD, 2018). ...
... • Renewed efforts to improve productivity in the cultivation of maize to reduce imports of animal feed-currently 22% of total annual supply, even as domestic output increased by over 15 million t between 2005 and 2016 (FAO, 2021)-while lowering costs of broiler production and local FCRs, as well as reducing exposure to volatility in international commodity markets. This is a task made more difficult with the outbreak of the US-China trade dispute in 2018 that drove down the price of maize and soybean in the US (Unveren & Luckstead, 2020). Additionally, global warming and climate change require a reorientation of rain-fed production away from hybrid to native varieties accompanied by more farmer-based seed systems (Ureta et al., 2020). ...
... In light of Chile's recent exports of chicken to the US (Unveren & Luckstead, 2020), Peru's private poultry (integrators') association-the AVA-has teamed up with the government's National Agricultural Sanitation Service with a T A B L E 3 Indicators for value chains for broilers in Brazil, Mexico, and Peru view to certifying certain growing areas as avian disease-free over the coming four years in order to help develop export markets (Contreras Flores, 2019). ...
Latin America witnessed massive increases in production and consumption of chicken meat over the last sixty years and well beyond its share of the developing world’s population. Chicken now accounts for a noteworthy source of livestock protein in regional diets; leads livestock production in 25 out of the region´s 33 countries; production, slaughtering and sales provide 000,000s of jobs. To analyse growth rates for chicken meat in Latin America, why they differed, how the role of innovation and development policies contributed to bringing them about leading to the patterns of governance of these activities at the present time. This study utilised a modified value chain framework along with FAO statistics, national data, published and unpublished studies to analyse macro‐level developments and their linkages to shifts in the organisation of activities in the value chain for chicken from pre‐production through to consumption and trade from past to present. Different natural resource endowments, demographics, and dietary preferences combined with recurrent innovations and an array of policy measures led to a spectacular surge in output, productivity, lower costs and facilitated a steady rise in consumption as chicken production experienced major shifts in the location of regional output over the last sixty years and the concentration of these activities in a few very large firms in Brazil, Mexico, and Peru. Include: greater transparency in grower contracts, better working conditions for slaughterhouse workers and bird catchers, more environmentally and bird friendly chicken production, accelerated adoption of practices as per Principles for Responsible Investment in Agriculture and Food Systems in the value chain for broilers in LAC, and improved enforcement of laws and regulations governing the technical and financial operations of value chains for chicken with renewed collaboration among government authorities to that effect.
... customer demands are largely dependent on the selling price and the expiration date. Unveren & Luckstead (2020) proposed a simulation model for analyzing the US broiler industry under corn and soybeans tariff imposed by China and the variation of the Canadian tariff-rate quota proposed by Mexico-Canada-Agreement. To make the appropriate decisions about bio-poultry-mass supply and product distribution, Balaman & Selim (2014) developed a mixed integer linear programming model to optimize the locations of biogas plants and biomass storages in order to have an effective poultry supply chain network. ...
The poultry industry is one of the most important agricultural sectors, which constitutes a significant part of the per capita consumption of protein and meat. Integrating operations of poultry industry sections including production, distribution and consumption becomes vital. Although the proper poultry supply chain has been established and made plenty of benefits for a long time, the global outbreak of COVID-19 shows that operations under pandemic are still challenge for the poultry industry. In this paper, the impacts of pandemic on poultry industry is investigated by developing a multi-period multi-modal stochastic poultry supply chain. Two models are developed aiming to mitigate the negative effects of pandemic occurrence through product stocking policy. In the first model, distribution system is in accordance with a multi-component structure, while the second model allows direct connections between suppliers (farmers) and demanders (customers). In both models, poultry productions are negatively affected by COVID 19. Due to the complexity of the model, a hybrid solution approach based on Branch and Cut and Dynamic Programming is developed. To validate the performance of the proposed model and solution procedure, a case study on the broiler industry in the state of Mississippi is performed. The results show that storing poultry products in the pre-pandemic along with direct logistics during pandemic period can save the broiler supply chain cost up to 30%.
The devastating COVID-19 epidemic has highlighted the weaknesses in supply chains (SCs) globally. To ensure smooth production in the current and post-COVID-19 era, the policymakers should focus on establishing a sustainable and resilient supply chain (SC) by reconfiguring their existing SC strategies. This study aims to investigate the difficulties poultry industry (PI) faces in coping with the effects of SC disruptions brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic from a developing country viewpoint: Bangladesh. Through literature review and expert opinion, 20 barriers were identified and categorized into five dimensions (i.e., social, environmental, economic, technical, and institutional) related to sustainability and resilience. Pareto analysis was conducted to screen out ‘Vital few’ barriers and later prominence vectors and cause-effect relationships of these barriers was examined through decision making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) approach. Results indicate that natural and man- made disasters, quality of chicks, feed and vaccine, inaccurate forecasting, lack of access to technology, and environmental issues are the most significant barriers to achieve sustainability and resiliency. Also, the mitigation strategies to achieve simultaneous sustainability and resiliency in this sector are outlined for managers and practitioners.
1. An experiment was conducted to determine differences in the expression of genes encoding intestinal barrier proteins between fast, medium and slow-growing chickens. Chicken breeds Athens Canadian Random Bred (ACRB), Longenecker's Heritage (LHR), RedBro, Hubbard H1 (HH1), Cobb500 and Ross708 were raised from hatch for 35 d.2. Ileal samples were collected at embryonic day E19 (-2 days post-hatch), hatch and d 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 post-hatch to assess the expression of genes encoding tight junction proteins (claudins, CLDN; occludin, OCLN; zonula occludens, ZO; and junctional adhesion molecules, JAM), mucin (Muc2), immunoglobulin A (IgA), polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) and fatty acid binding protein (FABP2).3. Expression of CLDN-1 was increased (p < 0.0001) in LHR compared to Cobb500 while CLDN-5 was increased (p < 0.0001) in ACRB, HH1, RedBro and Ross708 compared to LHR as well as in ACRB compared to Cob500. Occludin was upregulated (p = 0.01) in ACRB and LHR compared to Ross708 at d 14 post-hatch. Expression of ZO-1 was upregulated (p = 0.001) in LHR compared to Ross708, HH1 and Cobb500. Tight junction genes, except CLDN-4, JAM-2 and JAM-3 were downregulated (p < 0.0001) at hatch and d 7 post-hatch. Expression of Muc2 was increased (p < 0.0001) in LHR compared to RedBro and from -2 d to d 7 post-hatch.4. Immunoglobulin A was increased (p = 0.001) in LHR compared to Ross708 and HH1 at -2 d post-hatch and in LHR compared to ACRB, Cobb500 and Ross708 at hatch. In addition, IgA expression was increased in all breeds at d 14 post-hatch while pIgR was upregulated (p = 0.02) in Cobb500 and Ross708 compared to ACRB, HH1, LHR and RedBro at hatch.5. The gene expression patterns suggest that selection for growth may have not induced changes in junctional complexes and immune defence genes. However, the results confirmed that the expression of these genes is age dependent.
