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Little is known about the course and outcomes of adolescent gambling. This prospective study describes findings from a 3-wave (Time 1 [T1], Time 2 [T2], and Time 3 [T3]) assessment of gambling behaviors among youth (N = 305). Stable rates of any gambling and regular gambling (weekly or daily) were observed across T1, T2, and T3. The rate of at-risk...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... Table 2 are presented trend data (T1, T2, and T3) on the percentages of participants who reported prior-year gambling for (a) any gambling, regardless of specific games (yes vs. no); (b) regular gambling (weekly or daily frequency for at least one game); and (c) frequency of playing specific games. Games in which at least 10% of the sample did not report participation are not reported (none of these games showed a significant rate change). ...
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Background and Objectives
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Citations
... Furthermore, early engagement in addictive behaviours appears to be a significant predictor of future problematic engagement in gambling. Indeed, adults with problem gambling report an early age of gambling onset (Dowling et al., 2017;Kessler et al., 2008;Nower et al., 2013;Rahman et al., 2012;Winters et al., 2002). Using a developmental framework, early gambling engagement can be conceptualized as a precursory or necessary behaviour to the development of future problem gambling. ...
Engagement in underage gambling remains a public health concern. Risk factors for the development of gambling behaviours in adolescence include the presence of externalizing and/or internalizing problems. This study aims to better understand the role of co-occurrence between externalizing and internalizing symptoms from childhood to adolescence in adolescent gambling. Participants were drawn from an ongoing longitudinal study of children with and without early conduct problems. Externalizing and internalizing problems were measured annually using teacher and parent reports. Gambling behaviours were measured using self-report when participants were approximately 15 years old. Latent class growth trajectory analyses identified five mental health trajectory classes: (1) a co-occurring trajectory characterized by stable clinical levels of both externalizing and internalizing problems, (2) an externalizing trajectory characterized by stable high clinical levels of externalizing problems, (3) an internalizing trajectory characterized by stable at-risk levels of internalizing problems, (4) an at-risk externalizing trajectory characterized by decreasing levels of externalizing problems, and (5) a non-clinical trajectory. Invariance analyses suggested that this model remained valid in both boys and girls. Logistic regression analyses suggested that youth who belonged in the externalizing trajectory reported a greater likelihood of past-year gambling behaviours when compared to youth who belong in the comorbid trajectory. No other mental health trajectory was significantly associated with adolescent gambling. Stable high externalizing behaviours in development appear to increase one’s risk of gambling behaviours in adolescence. Efforts to target these throughout development could help decrease one’s future risk of engaging in these behaviours.
... loot boxes) instead of participating in traditional forms of gambling (Delfabbro et al., 2016;Richard & King, 2022;Russell et al., 2020). Despite these changes, youth recreational gambling has been associated with numerous negative consequences outside of increasing the risk for later problem gambling, including an increased severity of psychiatric and medical difficulties, financial, familial and social concerns, academic difficulties, and substance use problems (Brezing et al., 2010;Burge et al., 2004Burge et al., , 2006Foster et al., 2015;Rahman et al., 2012;Winters et al., 2002;Yip et al., 2011). Moreover, early-onset gamblers (before the legal age of 18 or 21) have a greater likelihood of developing more severe gambling-related problems compared to those with a later age of onset (Burge et al., 2006;Lynch et al., 2004). ...
Externalizing (e.g. conduct problems and antisocial behaviors) and internalizing (e.g. depression and anxiety) problems have been associated with gambling-related harms. However, there is a paucity of longitudinal research investigating how these problems and their patterns of change over time (i.e. trajectories) predict gambling engagement among youth. This study aimed to examine the trajectories of externalizing and internalizing problems and their predictive values for later gambling. Data came from a cohort of 744 children (53.2% male, Mage 8.3 years at baseline) from Québec, Canada, with 58.3% reporting significant externalizing behaviors at baseline. Participants were followed for 7 years. Externalizing and internalizing problems were measured annually, and past year gambling was assessed at the final measurement. Mean trajectories of externalizing and internalizing problems were identified through parallel process growth modeling, and logistic regression was utilized to examine whether these trajectories were predictive of gambling engagement. Thirty-one of the 659 participants remaining at the final measurement reported participation in gambling. Greater baseline externalizing problems, lower baseline internalizing problems, and a less significant decrease in externalizing problems over time predicted gambling engagement. These results provide evidence of the externalizing pathway toward youth gambling and the importance of early intervention involving youth and other relevant stakeholders.
... A number of studies have demonstrated majorities of adolescent populations engaging in gambling within the past year, for example 66% of 12-19-year-old participants (Hardoon et al., 2004), 77-83% of adolescents (Martins, 2008), and up to 86% of 15-18-yearold participants (Winters et al., 2002). One study (Goldstein, 2009) found prevalence of only 23% for ages 14-18, but importantly, this sample was recruited from youth presenting to an inner-city emergency department, with African Americans being over-represented. ...
... The role of gambling as a process addiction rather than a substance use addiction may make it seem less deleterious; however, neurophysiological research reveals that gambling and drug use operate on similar neurobehavioral mechanisms and follow the same patterns, suggesting an etiological relationship between substance use and gambling addiction (Chambers & Potenza, 2003;APA, 2013;Kryszajtys et al., 2018). It is not surprising, then, that the most commonly reported comorbidities for problem gambling are substance use and alcohol use, regardless of gender, social status, race, ethnicity, or age group (Fong, 2005;Martins et al., 2008;Schiller & Gobet, 2014;Welsh et al., 2014;Winters et al., 2002). ...
... These findings reveal that rural, African American adolescents are gambling at non-negligible rates, but the frequency of gambling is considerably less than the frequency reported in previous studies of general adolescent samples (Hardoon et al., 2002;Stinchfield, 2000;Welte et al., 2002;Winters et al., 2002). However, as expected, the rate of gambling problems was higher than has been reported in previous studies of general adolescent samples Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. ...
Problem gambling is a rising concern among adolescent populations; youth gamble more frequently than adults, and those who gamble are more susceptible than adults to maladaptive outcomes. Research shows that gambling problems are exacerbated among minorities, despite lower rates of gambling frequency. Minority youth are at especially high risk for problematic gambling outcomes, though they have not been widely studied. The objectives of this study were to (a) investigate gambling frequency and rates of associated problems among rural, African American youth, (b) examine risk factors associated with gambling problems, and (c) explore preferences for game type. Hypotheses were tested with survey data from 270 African American youth from rural communities in Georgia, ages 14–17. Past-year gambling prevalence was 38% (48% of males and 28% of females), and 30% of those who gambled (11% of the total sample) reported at least one problem behavior associated with gambling. Confirmatory factor analysis established a distinction between games of skill versus luck. Gambling problems were associated with skill games, and youth played skill games more than luck games. Substance use and anger scores predicted gambling frequency, and gambling frequency predicted gambling problems. Depression scores provided no predictive utility. Poverty status was negatively associated with skill gambling, and there was no association between poverty status and luck gambling. Males gambled more frequently, had more gambling problems, and were more likely to engage in skill gambling relative to females.
... Lack of consistency among studies complicates any interpretation of their results. In combining both problem gambling and PG, investigators may have missed important differences between the groups since not all problem gamblers advance to PG (Black et al., 2017), and disordered gambling in youth populations and adults might represent different constructs (Winters et al., 1993). Treatment seeking subjects with PG may not fully correspond to those with PG in the community, or in epidemiologic samples. ...
Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to test the validity of the Pathways Model in 285 subjects with DSM-IV pathological gambling (PG). In addition to identifying three subtypes that roughly correspond with those described in the model (Behaviorally Conditioned, or BC, Emotionally Vulnerable, or EV, Antisocial-Impulsivist, or AI), LCA identified a fourth class, termed the Antisocial Drinker, or AD, characterized by high rates of antisociality, conduct disorder, and alcohol use disorder. BC gamblers comprised 45% of the sample, followed by EV (24%), AD (22%), and AI (9%) gamblers. Women were more likely to be EV gamblers (OR = 1.89) and less likely to be AD gamblers (OR = 0.46). Those who had attempted suicide were more likely to be EV (OR = 3.06) or AI (OR = 3.05) gamblers and less likely to be BC (OR = 0.37) or AD gamblers (OR = 0.50). Greater childhood maltreatment was associated with AD (standardized OR = 1.81) and AI (standardized OR = 1.43) gamblers. Individuals with later PG onset were less likely to be AI gamblers (standardized OR = 0.48). Individuals who preferred slots were more likely to be EV gamblers (OR = 1.83) and less likely to be AD gamblers (OR = 0.33). The BC subtype was associated with better health outcomes, better social functioning, less childhood maltreatment, and less severe PG. The AI subtype was associated with worse health outcomes, worse social functioning, and higher PG severity. The findings provide a better understanding PG heterogeneity that could be relevant to clinical management.
... Similarly, Vitaro et al. [50] showed that young Canadian adolescents (age 12-13 years) with higher impulsivity scores and who gambled at this early age were significantly more likely to report problems with gambling at the age of 17 years. Slutske, Jackson and Sher [59] examined the stability of gambling patterns in a cohort tracked from the age of 18 to 29 years, and also in adolescent research led by Winters [60,61]. These studies showed evidence for stability over time, with the proportion of young people displaying problematic levels of gambling remaining very stable from adolescence to adulthood. ...
... Unfortunately, as Winters et al. [62] have pointed out, such studies often only involve comparisons of data at a group level [60,61,63]; they do not indicate the stability of individual behaviour. Some young people may have stopped gambling altogether, while a similar number may have commenced gambling, but such changes would have been masked by the overall figures. ...
Background:
There is currently considerable public policy and regulatory interest in the nature and prevalence of underage gambling. Research in this area has purported to show that adolescents are at elevated risk of problem gambling and that early exposure to gambling or gambling-like activities could be a potential precursor to future harm.
Method:
In this commentary, we provide a critical appraisal of these arguments with reference to major studies in the field of gambling studies. It is argued that adolescent gambling research is a contentious area. Some questions remain concerning the validity of adolescent problem gambling measures, the strength of the association between adolescent and adult gambling and the impact of simulated gambling activities.
Results:
The paper summarises the conceptual and methodological issues that should be considered and addressed in future studies to strengthen the validity of research in this area.
Conclusion:
The paper encourages the greater use of harm-based measures, longitudinal and individual-level transition analyses and questions that capture the influence of activities rather than just their temporal sequencing.
... In addition to this intra-individual neuropsychological perspective, GD models have also highlighted the importance of social environments (Hardoon, Gupta, & Derevensky, 2004;Shaffer & Korn, 2002;Shaffer et al., 2004;Sharpe, 2002) such as parental or peer gambling (Hardoon et al., 2004;Wickwire, Whelan, Meyers, & Murray, 2007;Winters, Stinchfield, Botzet, & Anderson, 2002). Among such, interpersonal problems seem to be particularly strongly associated with GD, partly as antecedent risk factors (Kausch, Rugle, & Rowland, 2006;N. ...
... A large number of studies underline that adolescents who gamble are more prone to engage in other forms of behavior addiction, such as smoke tobacco, drink alcohol, and use substances (Barnes et al. 2011;Colasante et al. 2014;Hardoon et al. 2004;Walther et al. 2012). Moreover, they are at a higher risk of developing more severe gambling problems during adulthood (Granero et al. 2014), due to the fact that an early onset of gambling is linked with more severe gambling problems later in life (Rahman et al. 2012;Winters et al. 2002). ...
Gambling is a widespread and popular phenomenon among adolescents. However, little is known specifically about adolescent gambling behaviors in Italy. The aim of the present study was to explore the prevalence and frequency of gambling behaviors, the types of bets most frequently chosen, the amount of money spent on gambling, and the more frequent problem gambling behaviors, taking into account the type of gambler (regular and non-regular), gender, and age. For this propose, 1255 adolescents (59.1% males) aged 13 to 19 years (M = 16.06; SD = 1.47), were recruited for the study. Results of a series of chi-squared tests show that 70.8% of adolescents had gambled at least once in the previous year, with more than 68% of minors declaring that they had gambled. Among those who claimed to have gambled, 24% were regular gamblers who spent more money, had more gambling-related problems, and chose games more at risk for developing gambling addiction, compared to non-regular gamblers. Regarding gender, results show that males gambled more, more frequently, spent more, and presented more gambling-related problems than females. About age, adolescents of age gambled more on some games that involved going to places to bet than minors but no differences between minors and of-age adolescents emerged on the amount of money spent and in being a regular gambler or not. However, gender and age differences emerged only in the non-regular group, whereas in the regular-gambling group, males and females and minor and of-age adolescents did not differ on any aspect analyzed.
... In contrast to depressive symptomatology, antisocial behaviors may be associated with problem and pathological gambling. For example, the literature consistently has suggested significant positive associations between antisocial behaviors (e.g., delinquency, crime involvement, violence) and gambling behaviors in emerging adults (Blinn-Pike et al. 2010;Winters et al. 2002). A systematic review revealed that adolescents and emerging adults who reported problem gambling showed a higher level of delinquency and crime engagement than those who do not report problem gambling (Blinn-Pike et al. 2010). ...
... A systematic review revealed that adolescents and emerging adults who reported problem gambling showed a higher level of delinquency and crime engagement than those who do not report problem gambling (Blinn-Pike et al. 2010). A prospective study suggested that antisocial behaviors in adolescence increased at-risk and problem gambling in emerging adulthood (Winters et al. 2002). However, a study using a nationally representative sample of adolescents ages 14-21 revealed that the strength of the comorbidity between problem gambling and antisocial behaviors decreased as age increased, and the comorbidity disappeared when the participants reached older ages of 20-21 (Welte et al. 2009). ...
Emerging adults (ages 18–29) display higher prevalence of gambling participation and problem gambling as well as co-occurrence with other risk behaviors compared to other age groups. Consequences of these co-occurring conditions may lead to psychological symptoms, behavioral problems, and socioeconomic and medical costs. Depressive symptoms, antisocial behaviors, and alcohol use are known risk factors for gambling participation and problem gambling. However, scarce research has examined the co-occurrence of those adolescent risk factors and later gambling behaviors in emerging adulthood longitudinally. Using multiple waves of National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) data, we examined the relationship between earlier depressive symptoms, antisocial behaviors, alcohol use, and gambling behaviors at wave III, and later gambling participation and problem gambling (wave IV) in emerging adults ages 18–29, using multinomial logistic regression. Our findings suggest that earlier antisocial behaviors and gambling behaviors increased later risk for gambling participation and problem gambling. Past-year alcohol use and heavy drinking were associated with the increased risk of gambling participation but not problem gambling. Earlier depressive symptoms decreased the risk of gambling participation later among those who endorsed antisocial behaviors. Emerging adulthood may be a critical developmental period in the development of comorbid conditions of gambling and other risk behaviors. The results contribute evidence supporting the importance of early prevention and intervention for the co-occurrence of gambling and other risk behaviors in emerging adulthood.
... Most recently, Kryszajtys et al. (2018) reported that gambling correlated with both violent and non-violent delinquency and like Magoon et al. (2005) before them, speculated on whether these behaviors were part of a larger general deviance syndrome. In one of the few longitudinal studies conducted on adolescent gamblers, Winters et al. (2002) identified commonalities in some of the developmental features of gambling, delinquency, and drug use consistent with the notion that problem gambling is part of a wider general deviance or low impulse control syndrome. In a second longitudinal study, Wanner et al. (2009) determined that peer delinquency moderated the gambling-delinquency relationship, such that gambling only predicted theft when peer delinquency was high. ...
The relationship between delinquency and gambling has drawn significant attention from researchers in the behavioral and social sciences, yet there are aspects of this relationship that remain largely unexplored. The role of “third variables” in moderating the connection between child delinquency and gambling involvement is one such aspect. Accordingly, the current study set out to examine the impact of parent gambling involvement on the child delinquency–gambling relationship in a sample of 3089 adolescents (1576 males, 1513 females) from Cohort K of the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC-K). Using cross-sectional data from Wave 7 of the LSAC, the current study tested the possibility that gambling involvement in parents may moderate the relationship between delinquency and gambling in their offspring. Results obtained from a regression analysis revealed that the link between delinquency, conceptualized as an early marker of general deviance, and gambling variety, as measured across ten different forms of wagering (e.g., Casino gambling, sports betting, horse and dog racing, scratch tickets), changed as a function of parental involvement in these same ten behaviors. In seeking clarity on this relationship, it was noted that the association between child delinquency and gambling involvement grew in proportion to the strength of parental involvement in gaming activities. Hence, having a gambling role model in the home may increase opportunities and incentive for gambling in children predisposed to antisocial behavior or general deviance.
... Finally, an important role for social adaptation and academic success is played by the student's beliefs about his/her own ability to plan and organize school activities (academic self-efficacy). In this regard, pathological gamblers are more likely to have poor school performance, as demonstrated in both cross-cutting studies (Latvala et al., 2019) and longitudinal studies (Winters et al., 2002). In gambling studies, self-efficacy has been defined primarily as the individual ability to avoid involvement in problem gambling (Barbaranelli et al., 2017). ...
A non-random sample of 560 Italian high school students completed a questionnaire consisting of demographic items and questions about gambling behaviour, motivations, and perceived social, self-regulatory, and academic self-efficacy. Among these participants, 49 of them were classified as at-risk gamblers, 21 as problem gamblers, and the rest as non-at-risk/problem gamblers or non-players. Chi-square tests showed that gambling, several game types, some motivations to gamble, and at-risk/problem gambling were more common among males than females. Logistic regression was employed to predict the risk of being an at-risk/problem gambler and results showed that medium and high levels of self-efficacy halves this risk; however, the halving of the risk was not statistically significant with respect to perceived academic self-efficacy. It was concluded that the three forms of self-efficacy taken into consideration can be protective factors for at-risk/problem gambling.
