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... trees were found at site "HIGH- 2" (Fig. 2). The longest series had its first tree ring in 1026 AD (i.e. 803 tree rings). Though this is below the expect- ed maximum longevity for the species as the famous tree "Baikushevata mura" is believed to be about 1300 years old, our core produced the longest dated tree ring series available in Bulgaria. Other trees at that site were ...
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... However, the lack of a common signal in the tree-ring widths does not mean that they are not sensitive to climate. For instance, Panayotov et al. (2011) analyzed the climate signal in the tree-ring chronologies of Pinus peuce and Pinus heldreichii in Bulgaria and concluded that a climate signal exists but is weak. Levanič et al. (2020) successfully constructed a chronology from the same two species using tree-ring δ 13 C, where a better climatic signal was found. ...
The ability of desert plants to adapt to future climate changes and maximize their water-use efficiency will determine their survival. This study uses wood anatomy and δ13C and δ18O isotope analyses to investigate how Moringa peregrina trees in the Egyptian desert have responded to the environment over the last 10 years. Our results show that M. peregrina tree-ring widths (TRWs) have generally declined over the last decade, although individual series are characterized by high variability and low Rbars. Vessel lumen area percentages (VLA%) are low in wet years but increase significantly in dry years, such as the period 2017-2020. Stable δ13C isotope values decrease between 2010 (- 23.4‰) and 2020 (- 24.9‰), reflecting an unexpected response to an increase in drought conditions. The mean δ18O value (± standard error, SE) for the first ten rings of each tree from bark to pith (2020-2010) is 33.0 ‰ ± 0.85 with a range of 29.2-36.3‰, which indicates a common drought signal. The intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE) declines gradually with time, from 130.0 µmol mol-1 in 2010 to 119.4 µmol mol-1 in 2020. The intercellular carbon concentration (Ci) and Ci/Ca ratio increase over the same period, likely as a result of decreasing iWUE. The results show that M. peregrina trees seem to cool their leaves and the boundary air at the cost of saving water.
... Trouet et al. [11] presented a summer temperature reconstruction (1768-2008) based on maximum latewood density measurements of P. heldreichii from the Pirin mountains. Panayotov et al. [12] studied the variation of anatomical leaf parameters of P. heldreichii. A more recent study by Scheithauer et al. on P. heldreichii from the northern Pirin mountains suggests that width growth is humidity limited and more sensitive to high summer temperatures on the southern flanks [13,14]. ...
... However, we could not confirm low inter-site correlations for P. heldreichii since between sites correlations in our study were high. Our findings regarding P. peuce are similar to those of Panayotov et al. [10,12]-the climate signal was weak to non-existent and between sites correlations are very low. It seems that P.heldreichii has a better signal in tree rings when trees are growing on southern slopes, as was demonstrated by Scheithauer et al. [13,14]. ...
Studies report the good potential of Pinus heldreichii (PIHE) and Pinus peuce (PIPE) for developing long chronologies from living trees and warn that the climate signal is weak in tree-ring widths of PIHE, and particularly PIPE. The goals of the study were to develop long chronologies, and to analyze the climate–growth relationship and potential for long climate reconstructions using tree-ring widths (TRW) and stable carbon isotopes ratios (δ¹³C) in tree rings at the northern edge of species distribution in the eastern part of Montenegro. The PIHE TRW chronology covers the period 1571–2013 (443 years) and the PIPE TRW chronology 1521–2013 (493 years). The temperature signal in PIHE TRW is weak and the precipitation signal is non-existent. PIPE has no climate signal in TRW. Both studied species have very similar δ¹³C chronologies, which allows us to merge isotope chronologies into a single composite δ¹³C Pinus chronology. The composite chronology has a strong signal related to average monthly temperature in June, July, and August and monthly values for cloudiness in July and August, with r > 0.6 and r < −0.6 for individual months, respectively. The climate signal was enhanced when June, July, and August values were merged into seasonal variables. The temporal stability of temperature, precipitation and cloudiness signals is consistent. The spatial extent of the δ¹³C chronology extends over a very large region, including all surrounding countries.
... There are no great differences in needle thickness between the Bosnian pines from these two massifs. Our needles from Mt. Ošljak are shorter than those from the same mountain measured by GUDESKI et al. (1975), and needles from Prokletije (STEVANOVIĆ-JANEŽIĆ andVILOTIĆ, 1998), Greece (PAPAIOANNOU, 1975) and Bulgaria (YURUKOV et al., 2005;PANAYOTOV et al., 2010PANAYOTOV et al., , 2011, too. Needle width is a little smaller than the findings of GUDESKI et al. (1975), similar to Serbian needles and smaller than the findings of POPNIKOLA (1978) and NIKOLIĆ et al. (2014). ...
Eight morpho-anatomical properties of two-year-old needles of Pinus
heldreichii (Bosnian pine) from the Scardo-Pindic mountain massif in Serbia
(Kosovo, Mt. Ošljak) and North Macedonia (Mt. Galičica) were investigated.
All measured characteristics, except for needle length, were inspected on
mid-needle cross-section. Cross-sections were obtained with razorblade,
while measurements were performed with Leica-Gallen III light microscope.
The mean values of the analyzed characters were as follows: 5.91 cm (needle
length), 1.35 mm (needle width), 0.85 mm (needle thickness), 25.05 μm
(cuticle + epidermis thickness), 69.90 μm (height of hypodermal cells),
21.76 μm (resin duct diameter), 3.4 (number of hypodermis layers), and 3.6
(number of resin ducts). P. heldreichii needles also had 2-5 hypodermis
layers and 0-12 resin ducts. The highest variation was in the number of
resin ducts (CV=27%). In comparison with previously investigated needles
from the Dinaric mountains, P. heldreichii needles from the Scardo-Pindic
massif were shorter and had a thicker layer of hypodermis. PCA and CA
visualize partial segregation of P. heldreichii populations between the two
mountain massifs. [Project of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. 173029]
... The number of resin ducts varies more in Bosnian pines from Montenegro. The maximum number of resin ducts per needle in our research (13 ducts) corresponds only to the results published by Chira, according to Popnikola (1975), about Bosnian pines from Czechoslovakia.The rare lack of resin ducts on needle cross section has only been noted in Bosnian pine populations from Montenegro (our results) and Bulgaria -Pirin mountains (Panayotov et al. 2011). Bosnian pines from Kosovo (Prevalac) exhibit the same phenomenon, but only when three needles are grouped in a bundle (Popnikola 1975). ...
Variability of eight morpho-anatomical characters of 2-year-old needles of the Bosnian pine (Pinus heldreichii Christ.), collected from natural populations in Montenegro (Lovćen, Zeletin and Bjelasica) and Serbia (Zlatibor-Pešter) were investigated. The needles have 0-13 resin ducts, predominantly of the medial type (settled in mesophyll tissue). The average values were as follows: 7.86 cm (needle length), 1.44 mm (needle width), 0.85 mm (needle thickness), 20.82 μm (cuticle+epidermis thickness), 21.08 μm (height of hypodermal cells), 3.31 (number of hypodermis layers), 4 (number of resin ducts) 57.05 μm (resin duct diameter). Needle width and thickness were the most variable characters. Principal component analysis separation of the geographically most distant populations Lovćen and Zlatibor-Pešter from themselves and from other populations. Cluster analysis suggests biggest similarities between populations Lovćen and Bjelasica and biggest differences between Lovćen and Zlatibor-Pešter.
