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People with intellectual disability are vulnerable to building fires. Yet, they continue to be one of the most underrepresented groups in evacuation research. To bridge this gap, this study presents one of the very few analyses of building evacuation for people with intellectual disability. The purpose of this study is to collect data and determine...

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... travel time for 13 students with ID was additionally collected from the University Police Department's security cameras (see Table 4). The times shown in Table 5 reflect a range of 62-158 seconds (or 1:02-2:38 min). ...
Context 2
... Evacuee's average speeds are a function of the distance they traveled (according to their apartment of origin, see Table 6) and their individual travel times determined from the footage data (see Table 4), see Equation 3. Data are provided in ...

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... Individuals with intellectual disabilities are more vulnerable to emergencies than the general population. According to statistics from the US Fire Administration, from 2007 to 2009, approximately 1700 residential fires involve individuals with mental health issues or intellectual disabilities [1,2]. This population faces greater challenges in information processing and decision-making, leading to more complex evacuation processes than those of healthy individuals [1,3]. ...
... According to statistics from the US Fire Administration, from 2007 to 2009, approximately 1700 residential fires involve individuals with mental health issues or intellectual disabilities [1,2]. This population faces greater challenges in information processing and decision-making, leading to more complex evacuation processes than those of healthy individuals [1,3]. Despite these higher risks, research on the evacuation process for individuals with intellectual disabilities remains limited [3]. ...
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The increasing demand for special education in architectural design highlights the urgent need to ensure the safe evacuation of students with intellectual disabilities. However, current research on classroom evacuation for these students remains limited, particularly concerning critical factors, such as the number, location, and distance of exits. This study investigated the impact of dependent behavior on classroom exit design for students with intellectual disabilities by developing a Cellular Automaton (CA) model based on their behavioral characteristics. Simulated evacuation scenarios, considering and disregarding dependent behaviors, were analyzed to assess their effects on the number and positioning of exits, and a predictive model was implemented to establish the relationship between exit spacing and evacuation time. The results indicated that the dependent behavior significantly reduced evacuation efficiency and substantially affected classroom exit design. Considering the dependent behavior, this study demonstrated that setting two exits reduced the average evacuation time for students with intellectual disabilities by 12.99%, with further reductions achieved by placing the exits at the rear rather than at the sides or front of the classroom. The research also revealed that under the influence of dependent behavior, the average evacuation time initially decreased and then increased as the distance between exits increased. As one of the few studies addressing evacuation issues for students and the first to incorporate dependent behavior into the evacuation model, this study provides valuable recommendations for classroom designs that balance evacuation safety and daily usability. It offers essential data to inform architectural designs for classrooms serving students with intellectual disabilities and serves as a reference for future educational building design standards and regulations.
... Most of these activities concern controlled test conditions and basic scenarios in terms of layout (e.g., rooms, corridors, staircases and their combination with a limited extension), according to international guidelines [41,42]. Therefore, evacuation drills [24,[43][44][45] performed in real-world scenarios can provide additional powerful support for the assessment of simulator reliability, by comparing simulation results with experimental data. Nevertheless, the availability of experimental data seems to be still limited essentially because of organisational complexities, especially when referring to full-scale drills [28,30,45]. ...
... Therefore, evacuation drills [24,[43][44][45] performed in real-world scenarios can provide additional powerful support for the assessment of simulator reliability, by comparing simulation results with experimental data. Nevertheless, the availability of experimental data seems to be still limited essentially because of organisational complexities, especially when referring to full-scale drills [28,30,45]. In particular, those involving building heritage hosting vulnerable occupants are mostly still missing, to the best of the authors' knowledge, and, thus, it can be assumed that a single study can contribute to the whole picture, although partial. ...
... Differences among the different areas of the museum ( Figure 3) were noticed, leading to pre-movement time values of 40s for 1ER and 1EL, 85s for 2EL, 87s for 2LR, 95s for 2LL, and 110s for 3AO. In general terms, these values seemed to be in line with those of previous works [45]. Nevertheless, in each starting area, occupants started to evacuate almost at the same moment, and, thus, the same pre-movement time was considered for them. ...
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