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Traces of natural sawing on the incisor of ancient deer Eucladoceros senezensis from Mukhkay II site. Magnification coefficient ca. 1: 4.
Citations
В статье представлен обзор археологических материалов и методов, используемых для анализа костяных и каменных орудий труда, керамики и костей животных, происходящих из поселения конца II — начала I тыс. до н.э. в Жетысу (Семиречье). На основе ряда наблюдений описана технология изготовления, и даны функциональные характеристики артефактов. Подробно изложены принципы классификации керамики. В ходе археозоологического исследования установлен таксономический состав домашней и дикой фауны, оценены возрастные и экстерьерные особенности, соотношение элементов скелета и сезон гибели животных. Исследовано 1638 костей животных, из которых 1259 костей определены до вида. Среди остеологических остатков преобладают образцы от домашних животных (74.2%), встречены кости диких млекопитающих (22.6%) и пресмыкающихся (3.2%). В обоих культурных слоях в выборке домашних копытных преобладают кости МРС (63.9%), на втором месте – кости лошади (24.3%), на третьем – КРС (11.3%). В малом количестве выявлены кости собаки и верблюда. Анализ материала показывает, что овец забивали преимущественно в возрасте от 2-х до 4-х лет, а лошадей – от 5-ти до 15-ти лет.
Valentine Pankowski, Gulzada Sargizova
The Late Bronze Age Industry of Bone and Antler from Taldysai: A Systematic Research A draft report on accumulative selection of the worked bone and antler sample recovered in a long-inhabited site is provided. The review is upgraded with a synopsis of the classificatory procedures applied.
Key words: Central Kazakhstan, the Late Bronze Age, Taldysai, bone and antler industry.
The paper features the problems of traceological analysis of ancient artifacts made from animal bones. The exceptional importance of bone objects as an archaeological source cannot be overestimated. The authors studied Russian and foreign scientific literature and summarized their own experience of trace examination of bone artifacts from Bronze Age monuments of the forest-steppe Altai. The paper describes some methodological problems that arise during trace examination of archaeological bone collections. It studies the material, technological, functional, and taxonomic features of macro- and micro-surfaces of bone artifacts that make the examination different from analysis of stone artifacts and have to be taken into account. The leading factor is the raw material features of the bone. They cause an accelerated process of formation and destruction of traces on the surface of tools and products, the possibility of using bone material in various physical states, as well as the presence of deformations and traces of a natural (biological) nature. The authors challenge the thesis that the method applied to trace examination of stone objects can be transferred to bone tools and products. They declare that bone artifacts require specialized methods and techniques.
