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Toxicity levels of mineral elements in soil and crop plants (leaves).
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The minerals boron (B), cobalt (Co), molybdenum (Mo) and Nickel (Ni) are beneficial to plant in trace amounts, but excess levels of these cause toxicity limiting crop production. An attempt was made to review the phytotoxicity symptoms, effects on growth and physiology and tolerance and amelioration of these toxicities in crop plants. Though, chlor...
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Aluminum (Al) toxicity is a serious factor restricting crop productivity in acid soil, and Al is the major cause of phytotoxicity. However, the role of Al toxicity in interprimer binding site (iPBS) polymorphism, genomic instability, and DNA methylation has not been fully investigated. In the current study, the effects of different Al concentration...
Citations
... The toxicity of Mo is considered to be low and it has not been extensively investigated. Higher plants exposed to excessive Mo display chlorosis (Singh et al. 2010). Application of toxic concentration of Mo-containing salts to Euglena gracilis resulted in the abnormal cell division (Colmano 1973). ...
Heavy metals is a collective term describing metals and metalloids with a density higher than 5 g/cm3. Some of them are essential micronutrients; others do not play a positive role in living organisms. Increased anthropogenic emissions of heavy metal ions pose a serious threat to water and land ecosystems. The mechanism of heavy metal toxicity predominantly depends on (1) their high affinity to thiol groups, (2) spatial similarity to biochemical functional groups, (3) competition with essential metal cations, (4) and induction of oxidative stress. The antioxidant response is therefore crucial for providing tolerance to heavy metal-induced stress. This review aims to summarize the knowledge of heavy metal toxicity, oxidative stress and antioxidant response in eukaryotic algae. Types of ROS, their formation sites in photosynthetic cells, and the damage they cause to the cellular components are described at the beginning. Furthermore, heavy metals are characterized in more detail, including their chemical properties, roles they play in living cells, sources of contamination, biochemical mechanisms of toxicity, and stress symptoms. The following subchapters contain the description of low-molecular-weight antioxidants and ROS-detoxifying enzymes, their properties, cellular localization, and the occurrence in algae belonging to different clades, as well as the summary of the results of the experiments concerning antioxidant response in heavy metal-treated eukaryotic algae. Other mechanisms providing tolerance to metal ions are briefly outlined at the end.
... The machine opts for remotely controlled equipment operationally like its laboratory collaborators using battery-operated nutrient-specific meters containing electrode sensors or fieldportable spectrometers and solution ion calibration (A. L. Singh et al., 2010;Patil & Bodhe, 2011;R. P. Singh et al., 2011). ...
Food waste and leftovers were common materials that were currently used as bio-compost or soil conditioners upon decomposition. Food waste was a source of food that has declined nutritional value and is not deemed favorable for human consumption. Leftovers were defined as uneaten edible remains of a meal. Biodegradation of these components contributes to many macronutrients, including carbon (C), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) in the compost, which makes it a suitable growing condition for plants. In this study, the main sources of research data were one hundred thirty-one scientific articles relating to food waste treatment methods and the growth quality of plants over the last few years. This review was the consensus of the role and characteristics of food waste and leftovers as fertilizers. Moreover, the paper briefly discusses the different composting methods for these materials and their corresponding effects on the growth quality of plants.
... We opted for the dose of 4 kg ha -1 yr -1 of Mo applied to the soil; this value was based on the intensity of the Mo adsorption process and non-labile Mo formation in tropical soils (Santos, 2012;Wurzburger et al., 2012;Nie et al., 2020); the high limit of Mo toxicity observed in different cultivated species (Gupta and Gupta, 1998;Singh et al., 2010); and the N doses used in this study. In each agricultural year, the Mo dose was divided into two applications, carried out in November and January, using the sodium molybdate fertilizer (39 % Mo) as a source of Mo. ...
ABSTRACT Molybdenum (Mo) availability is strongly affected by soil pH, which determines the dynamics of electrical charges and the adsorption of molybdate. This study evaluated the effects of nitrogen (N) and Mo application on the chemical properties of a Latossolo Amarelo (Oxisol) and in Coffea canephora nutrition and productivity throughout two productive cycles under field conditions. The experiment was conducted from June 2018 to May 2020. The experimental design used was in randomized blocks, in a 2 × 5 factorial scheme, the first factor being the absence and presence (4 kg ha-1 yr-1) of molybdic fertilization and the second factor was the N dose (300, 500, 700, 900, and 1,100 kg ha-1 yr-1). At the end of each production cycle, soil samples were collected to evaluate the pH(H2O), pH(KCl), exchangeable aluminum, potential acidity, organic matter, and Mo, at layers of 0.00-0.20 and 0.20-0.40 m. Leaves were sampled from the coffee tree to determine Mo and N contents and the coffee beans were harvested to evaluate the yield of processed coffee. The results showed that urea has a high potential for soil acidification, influencing the values of exchangeable aluminum, potential acidity, and ∆pH, at layers of 0.00-0.20 and 0.20-0.40 m. The decrease in pH caused by increasing doses of N increased the density of positive electrical charges of the soil and reduced Mo content in the leaves of C. canephora by 67 %. The application of sodium molybdate via soil was efficient in providing Mo to Conilon coffee and provided a 3.7 % increase in the yield of processed coffee. Nevertheless, molybdic fertilization did not influence the Mo content in the soil in the evaluations carried out at the end of each production cycle.
... Moreover, higher levels become toxic and ultimately reduced chickpea yield. These results are similar to the findings of Singh [69] who found that a higher dose of B (2 kg B ha −1 ) or B-contaminated irrigation water caused toxicity in plants and suppressed crop growth. ...
Chickpea is widely cultivated on calcareous sandy soils in arid and semi-arid regions of Pakistan; however, widespread boron (B) deficiencies in these soils significantly decreases its productivity. Soil application of B could improve chickpea yield and grain-B concentration. However, optimizing suitable B level is necessary due to a narrow deficiency and toxicity range of B. Nonetheless, the co-application of B-tolerant bacteria (BTB) and synthetic B fertilizer could be helpful in obtaining higher chickpea yields and grain-B concentration. Therefore, this study optimized the level of soil applied B along with BTB, (i.e., Bacillus sp. MN54) to improve growth, yield and grain-B concentrations of chickpea. The B concentrations included in the study were 0.00 (control), 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00 mg B kg−1 soil combined with or without Bacillus sp. MN54 inoculation. Soil application of B significantly improved root system, nodulation, yield and grain-B concentration, and Bacillus sp. MN54 inoculation further improved these traits. Moreover, B application at a lower dose (0.25 mg B kg−1 soil) with BTB inoculation recorded the highest improvements in root system (longer roots with more roots’ proliferation), growth, nodulation and grain yield. However, the highest grain-B concentration was recorded under a higher B level (0.75 mg B kg−1 soil) included in the study. Soil application of 0.25 mg B kg−1 with Bacillus sp. MN54 inoculation improved growth and yield-related traits, especially nodule population (81%), number of pods plant−1 (38%), number of grains plant−1 (65%) and grain yield (47%) compared with control treatment. However, the grain-B concentration was higher under the highest B level (1.00 mg kg−1 soil) with Bacillus sp. MN54 inoculation. In conclusion, soil application of 0.25 mg B kg−1 with Bacillus sp. MN54 inoculation is a pragmatic option to improve the root system, nodule population, seedling growth, yield and agronomic grain-B biofortification of chickpea.
... Nevertheless, rise in Co concentrations in crop plants is of serious concern as it undoubtedly incorporates toxicity in the human food chain (Fageria et al. 2012;Gad et al. 2019; Akeel and Jahan 2020). Evidently, intake of Co beyond optimum limit may hamper the development of foetus during pregnancy, causes hematological and endocrine malfunctions, damage the muscles of heart leading to cardiac failure and can escalate the haemoglobin concentration in blood (Mart´inez-Ballesta et al. 2009;Singh et al. 2010;Leyssens et al. 2017). Though rare, still Co is supposed to cause neurological damage and cardiomyopathy if its concentration in blood circulating system is higher (Brasberry et al. 2014;Fung et al. 2018). ...
... In this aspect, use of sufficient phosphatic fertilizer and addition of Fe in fertilization schedule may be a couple of excellent options to reduce the adverse effects of Co toxicity in case of tomato (Chatterjee and Chatterjee 2005) and mungbean (Agnihotri et al. 2014) because of the interference of excess Co with Fig. 3 Management of deficiency and toxicity of cobalt the uptake and translocation of these two nutrients inside the mentioned crops. Additionally, soil exchangeable Ca has been found as a potential indicator of threshold values for Co toxicity (Li et al. 2009;Singh et al. 2010) as the release of exchangeable Ca in the soil solution is substantially reduced with the rise in Co concentration, which in turn hampers the plant uptake of Ca (Wang et al. 2017). ...
A great paucity of information exists regarding cobalt (Co), a beneficial plant nutrient and an essential trace element for human. Different soil fractions namely soluble and exchangeable pool, organically bound pool, oxide bound pools etc. dynamically regulate phytoavailability of Co. The uptake and translocation of Co is mediated by highly specialized transporter systems. Co regulates various developmental and metabolic aspects of plants namely biological nitrogen fixation, stress management and enzyme activation. In animals including human beings, Co governs the biosynthesis of vitamin B 12. Nevertheless, toxic levels of Co often invite detrimental physiological behaviours in biological systems like structural aberration , reduced photosynthetic activity, interference with chlorophyll synthesis and induction of oxidative stress. Supplementing Co in deficient situation in the form of fertilization is required to augment food and nutritional security. Obnoxious occurrence of Co is alleviated using physicochemical techniques, bioremediation and phytoremediation to prevent dietary exposure. Management of this critical element in soil-plant-animal-human system backed up with meticulous research needs to be prioritized. In this review, we made a generous effort to compose comprehensive yet compact literature on elemental cobalt, soil dynamics, uptake as well as its impacts. Further, this study discusses the most recent developments of managerial aspects to address the deficiency-toxicity dilemma which possibly is quite limited regarding bibliographic antecedents.
... Molybdenum is considered as one of the essential micro-nutrients important for plant growth, as it is present in various complexes in the soil and is more soluble in alkali soils as it is easily accessible by plants in the form of (Mo O4-) (2013, Fageria). Molybdenum and iron play an important role in the nitrogen fixation process, as it contributes into the synthesis of the enzyme nitrogenase and the enzyme of nitrate reductase, which reduces the conversion of nitrates to nitrites and this process is necessary for protein synthesis in plants (Singh et al., 2010). The plant species belonging to the Phaseolus vulgaris differ in terms of growth, as short plants grow nearly two feet long and without the need for support. ...
تمت دراسة المىكبات الكيمياءية في العقد الجذرية لصنفين من نبات الفاصوليا المعاملة ببكتيريا الرايزوبيا وعنصري الحديد والموليبدنيوم النانويين
... Boron (B) is an essential micronutrient for the growth and development of plants, but its deficiency and toxicity threshold is narrow (Singh et al. 2010). Savić et al. (2013) analyzed the response of 16 genotypes of B. napus against B toxicity. ...
Brassica oilseed are economically important crops with greater heavy metals/metalloids tolerance ability and produce higher biomass (due to their genetically inherited traits). These species have different adaptive mechanisms to handle the toxic metal ions which attract plant scientists to fully understand the accumulation and tolerance mechanisms in order to minimize/remove the heavy metals/metalloids phytotoxicity. At physiological level, toxic heavy metal/metalloids impair the carbon assimilation (photosynthesis, etc.) and nitrate assimilation process that lead to yield reduction. A very common response of higher plants against heavy metals/metalloids toxicity is the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and methylglyoxal (MG) which can cause proteins oxidation, enzymes inactivation/dysfunction, lipid peroxidation as MDA, DNA damages and interaction with cellular components. At the cellular level, toxic metal ions restrict the mechanisms of nutrients transport, disturbance in polynucleotide functions, disruption in cellular integrity which may be due to their interaction with biomolecules. These higher plants evolved antioxidant defense and glyoxalase enzymatic systems to scavenge the ROS-MG components. Also, the entry of toxic metal ions into the cell is restricted/sequestered (via efflux mechanisms) through the involvement of amino acids, glutathione, particularly heavy metals/metalloids binding ligands. GSH, being a central molecule of the defense system, directly/indirectly control (via metabolic enzymes, etc.) the reaction products of ROS-MG in plant cells, hence protection against heavy metals/metalloids induced oxidative damages. Brassica species synthesized chelating ligands (phytochelatins, metallothionein’s and organic acids etc.) ensured the detoxification, complexation, and compartmentation of toxic heavy metals/metalloids. These plants also possess transporter genes for their resistance against toxic metal ions and homeostasis. Thus, Brassica oilseed species utilize accumulation and transport mechanisms for improved tolerance. That’s, why Brassica species are ideal candidates to clean up the heavy metals/metalloids contaminated soils and their adaptive mechanisms against harsh environmental condition enhanced the suitability for phytoremediation technology. The adaptive potential of these plant species can assist to boost our understandings concerning the heavy metals/metalloids tolerance mechanisms and crops cultivation in contaminated soils.
... Water Spinach [Ipomoea aquatica], belonging to family Convolvulaceae, is widely cultured as an edible green leafy vegetable in Asia [1]. It is well known for its essential biochemical and nutritional importance [2], comparable to conventional foodstuffs such as soybean or whole egg. It has also been used as traditional medicine, reduce the serum glucose concentration anticancer [1], anti-inflammatory [3], antiviral [4]. ...
The growth and productivity of two the Water Spinach varieties [Kangkung Unggul Bika R and Kangkung Bangkok LP-1 R ] had already been an experiment on two different Hydroponic culture subsystems [Floating Raft and Pumice Bed] of an Aquaponic circulatory system, where mineral nutrients of the Water Spinach vegetables were absorbed from biochemical processes occurring in solid wastes of fish and excess feeds. Consequently, this study showed individual functions of these two different Hydroponic culture subsystems from new established dates no significant differences at the 7 th test date, until increasingly significant difference for the Hydroponic culture subsystem of Floating Raft is less effective than Hydroponic system of Pumice Bed based on the height of shoot, length of petiole and width of leaf on the 14 th test date and the height of shoot, length of petiole, length of leaf, the number of leaf and length of root on the 21 st test date. Nonetheless, Hydroponic subsystems did not support the growth and productivity of the Water Spinach varieties in all stages of testing about statistical significance. In addition, in term of productivity criteria and growth criteria on the 7 th , 14 th and 21 st dates of testing, no significant difference were observed between two Water Spinach varieties. Finally, the advice of the study does not choose the treatment [Floating Raft Hydroponic culture subsystem and Kangkung Unggul Bika R variety] due to the poor result for the height of the shoot, length of petiole and reality of yield of Kangkung Unggul Bika R variety are probably at the 21 st test date.
... Patel et al. (1976) observed 45% of growth reduction in chysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) at higher level of cobalt concentration. The excess level of cobalt affect cell metabolites, alter nutrient transport and effect on cellular functioning in crop plants (Singh et al. 2010). ...
Cobalt is an essential trace metal and plays a pivotal role in the growth of all living organisms. The exposure of cobalt in the aquatic environment is ubiquitous via both natural and anthropogenic activities. The present study was carried out to investigate the accumulation response of macrophyte Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle towards the cobalt exposure at different concentrations (1, 25, 50, 75 and 100 µM) for seven days. The results showed that the cobalt accumulation increased in treated H. verticillata (L.f.) Royle with increase in concentration. The Bioconcentration factor (BCF) values were high in plants exposed to higher concentration of cobalt. Increase in growth (shoot length) and pigments (chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll) were detected at 25 µM cobalt concentration, whereas the growth and pigments were declined in 50, 75 and 100 µM. There was no significant difference in the carotenoid content between control and treated plant. Antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase) were increased at higher concentrations of cobalt. The results indicated that the decline in growth and pigments, and an increase in antioxidant enzyme activities, were triggered by the accumulation of cobalt in the plant. These observations suggest that H. verticillata (L.f.) Royle is well equipped to accumulate low concentration of cobalt in tissues to increase its growth and detoxify ROS generation. The BCF results indicate the efficiency of using H. verticillata (L.f.) Royle as a phytostabilizer.
Spinach is a commonly grown tropical vegetable having high metal-accumulating capacity, which might cause human health problems. This study aimed to assess heavy metal contamination in surface water and spinach samples collected from the waterlogged area of Bhabadah in the Khulna division of Bangladesh. A total of 24 locations were selected. Chemical analyses were performed using appropriate methodologies. The levels of Cd in water samples were 0.0092 ± 0.004 mg L −1 which was above the allowable drinking limit and did not meet public health standards. The average level of Pb was within acceptable limits. In spinach samples, the average levels of Zn, Pb, Cd, and Cu were 96.63 ± 34.53, 12.72 ± 13.33, 0.43 ± 0.30, 21.43 ± 5.93 μg g −1 , respectively. The level of Pb and Cd exceeded the prescribed limit for the vegetables in more than 70% of the total spinach samples. The Cr content was below the detectable threshold. The daily metal intake for both males and females was more than the tolerable intake limit for Pb and Cd, whereas, cumulative incremental lifetime cancer risk for males and females are 2.02E − 03 and 2.27E − 03, respectively. This implies that more than two persons per thousand are at risk of cancer as a result of long-term intake of contaminated spinach in the Bhabadah region. According to this study, water and spinach contribute to the contamination of food chains and increase the risk of cancer caused by the presence of heavy metals. This heightened risk requires prompt action to alleviate this situation and increase overall public awareness of food safety.
Full paper link: https://rdcu.be/cMfqB
