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Although the EU is one of the most developed parts of the world with high living standards, there exist huge disparities having a negative impact on the balanced development across the EU and weaken thus its competitiveness in the global context The aim of the paper is to define factors of socioeconomic development of the EU by application of facto...
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Context 1
... factors represent direct or indirect outcomes of a competitive society and economy. In this paper, three dominating factors for outputs explained 74,846 % of total variability in reference period (see Table 1), what can be considered as very satisfactory result. For calculation of output factors by FA is used: Principal Component Analysis as extraction method; Varimax with Kaiser Normalization as rotation method; Rotation was converged in 5 iterations. ...
Context 2
... calculation of output factors by FA is used: Principal Component Analysis as extraction method; Varimax with Kaiser Normalization as rotation method; Rotation was converged in 5 iterations. Table 1 shows 24 number indicators and their belonging to relevant output factors of competitiveness. (2) ,821 ,305 (HTI) High-tech patent applications to the EPO (1) ,803 (ICT) ICT patent applications to the EPO (1) ,802 (HRSTcore) Human resources in Science and Technology -core sectors (1) ,801 (GDP) Gross domestic product (2) ,778 (HRST) Human resources in Science and Technology (1) ,776 (PEoLMP) Public expenditure on Labour Market Policies (3) ,734 (LP) Labour productivity (3) ,726 (BioT) Biotechnology patent applications to the EPO (1) ,683 (FE) Female employment (3) ,578 ,382 (GVA) Gross Value Added (GVA) in sophisticated sectors (4) ,519 ...
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... The reason that economic conditions and institutional constraints in European regions differ substantially is the profound cause of competitive differences among the EU member states (Lehmann & Jungwirth, 2019). Stancikova (2015) found significant differences in the EU28 competitiveness in global terms. In most cases, the old EU countries did reasonably well in terms of drivers of the competitiveness and functioning of the societies. ...
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... Th e quality of governance was proven a critical factor of economic growth and development in many studies. It formed the leading variables of economic growth and the development factor in the EU (Stanickova 2015), it was one of six development factors (Ručinska and Ručinsky 2007), and one of eight dimensions of the productive environment (Martin, n.d.). Diff erent stages of development of regions (countries) comprised diff erent kinds of competition (factor-driven, investment-driven, and innovation-driven) (Porter, n.d.). ...
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... There are different categories of the factors of competitiveness (Popescu et al. 2017). An enhanced level of competitiveness is the aggregated effect of these factors (Stanickova 2015). 'Factors of competitiveness' have been explained in literature through various models. ...
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... To this end, GDP (Gross Domestic Product) has been used in various studies as an indicator of economic growth in countries or regions (Diebolt and Hippe 2018;Fernández-Serrano et al. 2018;Stanickova 2015). Similarly, according to the literature, one of the main factors related to such competitiveness is national innovation capacity (Filippetti and Archibugi 2011;Khayyat and Lee 2015), as understanding how countries can improve their innovation capacity can help them to achieve better country performance (Archibugi et al. 2009). ...
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... 97-98). As argued by several management scholars (Hult et al., 2007;Stanickova, 2015), composed measurements (made up of several items) seem more able to catch this dynamic view of competitiveness. Scholars studying the waste sector, in fact, select the items to be considered time-by-time, according to the purpose of their research (Calcott and Walls, 2005;Simões and Marques, 2012a). ...
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