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Source publication
In order to maximize adaptations and to avoid nonfunctional overreaching syndrome or noncontact injury, coaches in high-performance sports must regularly monitor recovery before and after competitions/important training sessions and maintain well-being status. Therefore, quantifying and evaluating psychometric states of recovery during the season i...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... tool is an overall measure of perception of recovery on a 6-20 point scale, estimating the perception of recovery daily to detect the current form of athletes and to monitor short-lived emotional changes [25]. The TQR scale (Table 2) is similar to the perceived exertion scale [40]. This tool is a means used to measure psycho-physiological recovery [36,41]. ...Context 2
... score for the TQR is ideal at a value of 20 [23] (Table 2) and a score of 13 is considered the minimum score; any scores below this indicate that recovery is incomplete [25]. Always keep in mind that scores vary from player to player over a period [7]. ...Context 3
... measurement of recovery on a scale of 6 to 20 points gives to the technical staff and the players a collection of data and a simple and effective control of the level of player recovery without carrying out more complex or cumbersome tests [41]. It is so simple that recovery assessment can be done daily and easily estimated by the coach [42] (Table 2). ...Similar publications
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Introduction
As a high-intensity physical sport, athletics can easily cause serious physical injuries and even psychological problems if not diagnosed after sports fatigue.
Objective
Study the relationship between sports fatigue and nutritional intervention in track and field.
Methods
One hundred track and field athletes in a province were invest...
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Citations
... An advantage of the study is the use of validated tests to measure recovery and muscle strength. HI and TQR are noninvasive wellness monitoring tools for footballers that can detect early signs of fatigue (Selmi et al. 2022). Hand grip strength is a widely used measure of muscular strength and is associated with athletic performance and recovery-although not a direct measure of football performance, it correlates with overall strength and impulsive ability such as sprinting and jumping (Cronin et al. 2017). ...
Ashwagandha is a supplement with the potential to improve exercise performance. However, research on its impact on female athletes remains limited. This study investigates the effects of ashwagandha on exercise recovery and muscle strength in professional female athletes, addressing a gap in understanding its role in this underrepresented population. Female footballers were randomly assigned to a 600 mg/day ashwagandha root extract group (ASH, n = 15; age: 26.0 ± 4.9 years, height: 1.66 ± 0.1 m, body mass: 61.5 ± 7.5 kg, and career: 15.2 ± 7.4 years) or a placebo group (PLA, n = 15; age: 23.5 ± 5.5 years, height: 1.66 ± 0.1 m, body mass: 61.5 ± 6.0 kg, and career: 13.1 ± 4.9 years). Recovery was assessed with total quality recovery (TQR), Hooper Index (HI) and rate of perceived exertion (RPE). Strength was assessed by hand grip, medicine ball throw (MBT), countermovement jump (CMJ) and peak power. Dietary intake was recorded prior to baseline measurements. Repeated measures ANOVA, Bonferroni test, independent t‐tests and ANCOVA were used in the analysis. A significant group × time interaction effect was found for TQR (p = 0.026), with the post‐hoc analysis revealing a significant difference between ASH and PLA at 28 days (p = 0.039). Perceived sleep quality from HI improved significantly in ASH compared to PLA (p = 0.038), with a significant change at 14 days. The ANCOVA analysis highlighted the significant influence of carbohydrate intake on hand grip strength (p = 0.005), MBT (p < 0.001) and body mass (p < 0.001). A dosage of 600 mg of ashwagandha root extract for 28 days may improve TQR and enhance perceived sleep quality in female footballers. Future research should investigate the optimal dosage and test across a broader range of athletic populations.
Trials Registration: The trial is registered on ClinicalTrials.gov with the ID NCT06264986
... Nevertheless, extensive research on the utility of psychological factors during talent identification is lacking [103], making it difficult for coaches to employ standardised or evidence-based procedures. Another use of psychology-based measures in the football environment is the use of psychometric tools to assess player wellbeing, primarily in the contexts of stress, fatigue, and recovery [106]. Specifically, the early detection of subjective fatigue and suboptimal recovery can be an important preventative step in the avoidance of overtraining. ...
... The profile of mood states (POMS) is a validated questionnaire used to assess emotional states characterised by positive or negative feelings [106]. The POMS questionnaire has demonstrated the relationship between disturbed mood state (i.e., increased feelings of anger and depression) and reduced performance in young elite players [111], with similar evidence of heightened negative mood states in professional players undertaking intense training schedules [112]. ...
... The POMS questionnaire has demonstrated the relationship between disturbed mood state (i.e., increased feelings of anger and depression) and reduced performance in young elite players [111], with similar evidence of heightened negative mood states in professional players undertaking intense training schedules [112]. The questionnaire is simple to administer and can be repeated to detect changes in mood [106], meaning it can be incorporated within a holistic approach to player monitoring. The Hooper Index (HI) [113] incorporates mood with psychophysiological indices by asking athletes to rate their previous night's sleep, stress, fatigue, and delayed-onset muscle soreness, and may be particularly useful for assessing subjective recovery [107]. ...
Football clubs regularly test and monitor players, with different approaches reflecting player age and competitive level. This narrative review aims to summarise justifications for testing and commonly used testing protocols. We also aim to discuss the validity and reliability of specific tests used to assess football players and provide a holistic overview of protocols currently used in football or those demonstrating potential utility. The PubMed, SportDiscus, and Google Scholar databases were screened for relevant articles from inception to September 2024. Articles that met our inclusion criteria documented tests for several purposes, including talent identification or the assessment of growth/maturation, physiological capacity, sport-specific skill, health status, monitoring fatigue/recovery, training adaptation, and injury risk factors. We provide information on specific tests of anthropometry, physical capacity, biochemical markers, psychological indices, injury risk screening, sport-specific skills, and genetic profile and highlight where certain tests may require further evidence to support their use. The available evidence suggests that test selection and implementation are influenced by financial resources, coach perceptions, and playing schedules. The ability to conduct field-based testing at low cost and to test multiple players simultaneously appear to be key drivers of test development and implementation among practitioners working in elite football environments.
... 3 An athlete's recovery status can be monitored and assessed through subjective self-report questionnaires and/or objectively, for instance, by monitoring sleep. 3,4 Together, these markers provide an indication of an athlete's biopsychosocial balance and may be used to make adjustments to training load as necessary. 4 However, most of the literature on sleep and recovery is based on male-centric study designs, which leaves a clear knowledge gap regarding femalespecific factors, such as the effect of the menstrual cycle (MC). ...
... 3,4 Together, these markers provide an indication of an athlete's biopsychosocial balance and may be used to make adjustments to training load as necessary. 4 However, most of the literature on sleep and recovery is based on male-centric study designs, which leaves a clear knowledge gap regarding femalespecific factors, such as the effect of the menstrual cycle (MC). 5,6 Naturally menstruating women experience cyclical hormonal fluctuations across the MC. ...
... Finally, higher daily training loads have been shown to negatively influence recovery status in athletes, indicated through changes in sleep quality, mood, muscle soreness, and fatigue. 4,24 However, it remains unclear whether this relationship is further moderated by exercise intensity and/or the MC. ...
Purpose : To investigate the influence of menstrual-cycle (MC) phase on objective sleep and perceived recovery following high- (HIT) and low-intensity training (LIT) in endurance-trained women. Methods : Fifteen naturally menstruating, endurance-trained women completed standardized HIT and LIT sessions during the early follicular phase (EFP), ovulatory phase (OP), and midluteal phase (MLP) of 2 MCs. Overnight sleep was monitored using a Somnofy sleep monitor after each training session, and perceived recovery was assessed after 24 hours using self-report scales. MC phases were determined using the 3-step method, and noneumenorrheic MCs were retrospectively excluded from analysis. Results : MC phase had a main effect on wake after sleep onset ( P ≤ .001), with higher values in MLP (33 [22] min) than EFP (22 [19] min, P = .043) and OP (14 [9] min, P = .001), sleep efficiency ( P = .033), with lower values in MLP (87% [6%]) than OP (90% [8%], P = .047), and light sleep ( P = .023) with higher values in MLP (59% [6%]) than EFP (54% [7%], P = .037). Session type had a main effect on perceived recovery ( P < .018) and perceived muscle soreness ( P = .007), indicating lower perceived recovery and higher perceived muscle soreness following HIT compared to LIT ( P < .001, P = .018, respectively). No interactions were found between MC phase and session type for any of the measured variables. Conclusions : Objective sleep quality, but not perceived recovery, was influenced by MC phase, as indicated by small impairments to multiple indices of objective sleep during MLP. There were no interactions between MC phase and session type, indicating that the effect of MC on sleep and recovery is consistent regardless of session type.
... Subjective assessments are recommended to monitor the psychometric recovery status of football players to detect early signs of fatigue and optimize high-level training performance (57). The decrease in these measurements are used to express the lesser subjective state of fatigue, effort and recovery of a player or team during training or competition. ...
The search for increased performance and physical performance are linked to the use of ergogenic resources. The vertical jump is one of the measures commonly used to evaluate the performance of lower limbs in athletes. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive, safe, economically viable technique that can modulate cortical excitability, which can influence the increase in the performance of athletes in general. This study aimed to investigate whether the use of tDCS on the primary motor cortex (M1) improves the performance of soccer players. A cross-sectional study was conducted. Twenty-seven players were randomized into three groups: Active tDCS group (n = 9), Sham group (n = 9), and control group (n = 9). Stimulation was applied at 2 mA for 15 min using a cephalic mount. Visual Pain Scale (VAS) and Subjective Recovery Scale (SRS) were monitored before and after tDCS. In addition, the participants performed the Countermovement Jump (CMJ) before and after the stimulation intercalated with Heart Rate (HR) and Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE CR-10). No differences were found in any of the performance variables analyzed (p > 0.05) nor in the responses of HR (p > 0.05), RPE (p > 0.05), VAS (p > 0.05), and SRS (p > 0.05) between groups. The tDCS in M1 did not change the performance of the vertical jump, and there was no improvement in the subjective scales. New studies should also be developed with different stimulus intensities in different cortical areas and sports modalities.
... Die Befunde sind kohärent mit anderen Untersuchungen, die zu der Aussage führen, dass bei Mannschaftssportarten in der Regel weniger Schlafprobleme als bei Einzelsportarten auftreten [6]. Auch im Fußball ist eine wiederholte Frage, wie die Leistungsfähigkeit optimiert werden kann [18]. Dabei Die ausführlichsten Antworten kamen mit Begleitschreiben von denjenigen Vereinen, die das Thema bereits auf ihrer Agenda haben. ...
Zusammenfassung
Profisporttreibende weisen häufig einen gestörten Schlaf-Wach-Rhythmus auf, der sowohl durch irreguläre Trainingstage als auch unregelmäßige Wochenrhythmen bestimmt wird und darüber hinaus durch spezielle Zeitpläne anspruchsvoller Wettkämpfe. Dies gilt auch für Fußballspieler und Fußballspielerinnen, die typischerweise an Wochentagen trainieren und meist am Wochenende an Spielen teilnehmen.
Inwieweit das individuelle Schlaf-Wach-Verhalten und insbesondere das Powernapping die Trainingsplanung beeinflussen, war das Ziel einer Befragung von 56 Herrenmannschaften der Bundesligen inkl. der dritten Liga und 12 Damenmannschaften der Bundesliga. Insgesamt wurden 700 Trainer und Betreuer gebeten, die Umfrage zu beantworten.
Es konnten 35 ausgefüllte Fragebögen ausgewertet werden. Die Ergebnisse demonstrieren, dass das Thema Schlaf im Profifußball wichtig ist; in 50 % der Fälle wird es sogar bei der Trainingsplanung berücksichtigt. Darüber hinaus gaben mehr als 50 % an, dass ein Powernapping vor den Spielen zum Trainingsprogramm gehört und morgens und mittags eine geringere Konzentration zu beobachten ist. Im Gegensatz dazu zeigen die Ergebnisse, dass es an Wissen über den individuellen Chronotyp der Spieler und den individuellen Aktivitäts-Ruhe-Zyklus mangelt.
Eine gemeinsame Forschung von Sportbetreuern und Medizinern kann das Wissen über die Bedeutung des erholsamen Schlafes und eines ausgewogenen Schlaf-Wach-Rhythmus im Profifußball verbessern und könnte den zahlreichen Vereinen, welche in diesen Bereichen ein Defizit aufweisen, zum Beispiel Präventionstools zur Verfügung stellen, um die Leistungsreserve Schlaf besser zu nutzen und individualisierte Ruhe-Aktivitäts-Regime zu etablieren.
... Por su parte, la evaluación de las capacidades físicas con pruebas de campo brindan, también, datos confiables, válidos y prácticos para realizar en el campo para poder monitorizar el progreso de los atletas (Pleša et al., 2022). Esta información es de fácil análisis para los entrenadores y preparadores físicos que encuentran estas variables de fácil aplicación; representan información condensada para la valoración y monitoreo del estado de rendimiento físico de los deportistas (Portes et al., 2019;Selmi et al., 2022). Vol.22 N° 1(1-20), ISSN 1659-4436, abre 1° de enero, cierra 30 de junio, 2024 Carvajal Espinoza, Barquero, Montoya y Cordero Tencio. ...
Los propósitos de este estudio fueron describir y comparar el estado de las capacidades físicas de jugadores de fútbol costarricense al inicio y al final de la pretemporada. Se evaluaron dos equipos de la primera división y dos equipos de segunda división del fútbol costarricense (n = 113 jugadores) en las variables de edad, estatura (variables descriptivas), peso, porcentaje de grasa, índice de masa corporal, salto contra movimiento y velocidad aeróbica máxima, y se estimó el consumo máximo de oxígeno máximo con el Test 30-15. Se realizaron ANOVA de una vía para grupos independientes con las primeras mediciones, para obtener diferencias entre los equipos, y ANOVA de una vía de medidas repetidas para comparar las mediciones en los diferentes momentos de la evaluación. En las mediciones al inicio de la pretemporada, se encontraron diferencias significativas en las variables de estudio, donde un equipo varió significativamente de los otros tres, excepto en la estatura. En las mediciones postemporada hubo diferencias significativas en el peso (F = 7,394, p = .014), porcentaje de grasa (F = 6,339, p = .023) y salto contra movimiento (F = 9,068, p = .007) para el equipo de primera división y en porcentaje de grasa (F = 8,263, p = .010) para el equipo de segunda división. Las diferencias encontradas entre equipos se deben, probablemente, a la edad temprana del equipo con puntajes inferiores, mientras que el periodo de pretemporada de los equipos analizados presentó un efecto en las variables de composición corporal, se observó una disminución en el salto contra movimiento en el equipo de primera división.
... 68 These scales provide quantitative data, enabling medical and performance staff to monitor injuries, manage pain, and make informed decisions regarding players availability and treatment plans. 69 Furthermore, mental fatigue can play a role (in training and competition); therefore, implementing perceptual scales to assess cognitive functioning is something that practitioners should consider. Scales like cognitive tests, such as testing executive functions (ie, working memory, inhibition, cognitive flexibility 70 ) and psychometric scales can be utilized to measure mental fatigue levels, concentration, and decision-making abilities. ...
... Therefore, it is in the authors' opinion that subjective measures are used in conjunction with objective measures to obtain a more holistic view of players' situation. 69,72 Considering both objective and subjective readiness measures, a more comprehensive understanding of the female player's status can be obtained. 18,73 The Menstrual Cycle Ovarian hormone monitoring is a key female-specific consideration as estrogen and progesterone have numerous nonreproductive functions (eg, bone health and metabolism) and effects (eg, physical and psychological symptoms), which are capable of influencing female player health and performance. ...
Purpose : Monitoring player readiness to train and perform is an important practical concept in football. Despite an abundance of research in this area in the male game, to date, research is limited in female football. The aims of this study were, first, to summarize the current literature on the monitoring of readiness in female football; second, to summarize the current evidence regarding the monitoring of the menstrual cycle and its potential impact on physical preparation and performance in female footballers; and third, to offer practical recommendations based on the current evidence for practitioners working with female football players. Conclusions : Practitioners should include both objective (eg, heart rate and countermovement jump) and subjective measures (eg, athlete-reported outcome measures) in their monitoring practices. This would allow them to have a better picture of female players’ readiness. Practitioners should assess the reliability of their monitoring (objective and subjective) tools before adopting them with their players. The use of athlete-reported outcome measures could play a key role in contexts where technology is not available (eg, in semiprofessional and amateur clubs); however, practitioners need to be aware that many single-item athlete-reported outcome measures instruments have not been properly validated. Finally, tracking the menstrual cycle can identify menstrual dysfunction (eg, infrequent or irregular menstruation) that can indicate a state of low energy availability or an underlying gynecological issue, both of which warrant further investigation by medical practitioners.
... Self-report psychometric tests are simple tools, combined with others to assess the psychophysiological state of athletes (Santos-García, [66]). By researchers' recommendations, monitoring the psychometric state of athletes before each activity can determine fatigue indicators (Selmi,et al. [67]) and, with these indicators, prevent and improve their performance (Selmi, et al., [56,67]), avoiding injuries, overtraining, and overreaching (Nobari,et al. [17]). ...
Objectives: This study analyzes the variation of internal and external intensities, well-being measures, and subjective perception of effort in 13 professional canyoning guides with guide and assistant guide roles (34.38 ± 7.27 years; 77.82 ± 10.31 kg; 24.35 ± 3.26 BMI) over 117 identical canyoning routes. Methods: Daily recordings on Polar V800 watches during the routes were used to measure internal and external intensity variables. Before the activity, the Hooper Index questionnaire was used as a well-being measurement tool, and the Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion scale was used to determine the perception of activity intensity at the end of the activity. Results: Significant evidence was found for external variables (distance, duration, speed), well-being measures (muscular pain, fatigue, stress, and Hooper Index), and Rating of Perceived Exertion. Maximum heart rate (heart rate max) is the only internal variable that stands out (p < 0.05). Minimum and average heart rate showed p > 0.05, as did external and perceptual variables. Conclusions: Intensity variability is highlighted in heart rate max due to different roles during the routes; specifically, higher heart rate max values were recorded for the assistant guides due to the type of work performed. Additionally, muscular fatigue and stress influenced the perception of effort during activities, emphasizing the importance of psychophysiological factors in professional canyoning practice.
... Recent studies have highlighted the relationship between physiological needs and wellbeing, which can vary depending on the type of training, duration, and intensity (Rossi et al., 2022). Researchers like Selmi et al. (2022) in the context of soccer have suggested monitoring athletes before each activity or training session with psychometric tests to enhance performance and detect early signs of fatigue. ...
This study aimed to achieve its objectives by: (i) detailing and analyzing fluctuations in internal and external intensities and assessing well-being of canyoning guides; (ii) investigating the connections between required intensities, well-being measures, and the subjective perception of effort throughout the entire season and its distinct periods. The methodology involved a daily monitoring process for 18 professional canyoning guides (aged 35.28±4.56 years; BMI 24.31±2.94) over an 11-week period, utilizing Polar V800 watch equipment. The Hooper Index (HI) questionnaire and perceived subjective effort (RPE) were administered, and body mass and handgrip strength were measured at two specific points during the season. The findings revealed significant associations between internal intensity variables (VII) and measures of well-being during the overall season, excluding maximum heart rate (HR max), which displayed no correlation with any of the mentioned variables. Significant associations between internal and external intensities were evident, except for RPE, which did not show any association with external intensity variables (VIE). Similarly, well-being vs. VIE did not show significant associations. The first period of the season revealed a lower number of significant associations, while the second period had the highest number of significant associations between variables. Conclusions: Overall, VII is significantly related to measures of well-being. It is noticeable that the perceived effort ratings of the routes show fewer fluctuations in the middle of the season, while well-being ratings increase. The obtained results can help in controlling the psychophysiological needs of the guides and thus achieve better organization and scheduling of activities with greater professionalism and psychophysiological disposition for the tourist.
... The objective of soccer training is enhancing players' performance while minimizing the possible negative effects induced by fatigue such as injuries [1][2][3][4][5][6]. It is well known that soccer players are subjected to a given load during both training and competitions that induces a certain degree of neuromuscular, metabolic, and mental fatigue. ...
... Indeed, Nédélec et al. (2015) reported that high TL reduces wellness and is related to the perceived sleep, stress, fatigue, and muscle soreness in professional soccer players [23,27,28]. In this way, the literature suggests to evaluate muscle soreness and fatigue before, during, and after each training session to understand the recovery state from workload [4,5,[29][30][31][32]. In this way, several research related to markers of fatigue and recovery have been conducted in sports science and exercise physiology area [33][34][35][36][37]. ...
... In this way, several research related to markers of fatigue and recovery have been conducted in sports science and exercise physiology area [33][34][35][36][37]. Those included biochemical [4,38], hormonal [4,38], immunological [33,39,40], psychological questionnaires [25,34,41,42], and the assessment of neurological status, such as autonomic nervous system balance [1,43]. However, although a number of scientifically reliable indicators exist, there is currently no single conclusive marker of fatigue [4,30,44]. ...
Background:
The objective of soccer training load (TL) is enhancing players' performance while minimizing the possible negative effects induced by fatigue. In this regard, monitoring workloads and recovery is necessary to avoid overload and injuries. Given the controversial results found in literature, this study aims to better understand the complex relationship between internal training load (IL) by using rating of perceived exertion (RPE), recovery, and availability (i.e., subjective players' readiness status).
Methods:
In this cross-sectional study, twenty-two-professional soccer players (age: 18.5 ± 0.4 years, height: 177 ± 6 cm, weight: 67 ± 6.7 kg) competing in the U19 Italian Championship were monitored using RPE scale to assess IL, and TreS scale to detect information about recovery and training/match availability during an entire season (2021-2022).
Results:
Autocorrelation analysis showed a repeated pattern with 7 days lag (weekly microcycle pattern) for all the variables considered (i.e., TL, recovery, and availability). For recovery (r = 0.64, p < 0.001) and availability (r = 0.63, p < 0.001) the best lag for both of them is 1 day. It indicates that recovery and availability are related to the past day value. Moreover, TL was found to be negatively affected by recovery and availability of the current day (lag = 0 day). Cross-correlation analysis indicates that TL is negatively affected by recovery (r = 0.46, p < 0.001) and availability (r = 0.42, p < 0.001) of the current day (lag = 0 day). In particular, lower recovery and availability will result in following lower TL. Furthermore, we found that TL negatively affects recovery (r = 0.52, p < 0.001) and availability (r = 0.39, p < 0.01) of the next day (lag = 1 day). In fact, the higher the TL in a current day is, the lower the recovery and availability in the next day will be.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, this study highlights that there is a relationship between TL and recovery and that these components influence each other both on the same day and on the next one. The use of RPE and TreS scale to evaluate TL and recovery/availability of players allows practitioners to better adjust and schedule training within the microcycle to enhance performance while reducing injury risk.
