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The racial politics of immigration have punctuated national discussions about immigration at different periods in US history, particularly when concerns about losing an American way of life or American population have coincided with concerns about infectious diseases.
Nevertheless, the main theme running through American immigration policy is one o...
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... In 1891, the federal government began requiring medical officers from the Public Health Service to exclude immigrants with infectious diseases and chronic conditions, including serious mental illnesses, intellectual disabilities, and epilepsy. 11 On Ellis Island, mass examinations disproportionately excluded immigrants from Asia and Central America. 11 Recently, in 2019, the federal administration broadened the definition of a public charge to include people who have used anti-poverty programs such as Medicaid, the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, and public housing. ...
... 11 On Ellis Island, mass examinations disproportionately excluded immigrants from Asia and Central America. 11 Recently, in 2019, the federal administration broadened the definition of a public charge to include people who have used anti-poverty programs such as Medicaid, the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, and public housing. 12 This rule was reversed in 2021; however, its chilling effect had already triggered decreased enrollment in federal benefit programs. ...
Health professionals who care for children will find a thoughtful and hands-on resource to address racism and race-related issues in their practices in this essay collection. Leading experts from across disciplines frame the issues and provide practical information on prevention, intervention, and anticipatory guidance. Each chapter is grounded in the recommendations outlined in the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) policy statement “The Impact of Racism on Child and Adolescent Health.” The AAP is committed to reducing the ongoing costs and burden of racism to children, the health care system, and society—this book is an important contribution to that effort and ongoing conversation. Available for purchase at https://www.aap.org/Untangling-the-Thread-of-Racism-A-Primer-for-Pediatric-Health-Professionals-Paperback
... У цьому ракурсі цікавим і фундаментальним видається дослідження Олександри Фейрчайлд, яка оригінально репрезентувала історію інклюзії у 20-му столітті у статті «Політика інклюзії: іммігранти, хвороби, залежність та американська імміграційна політика на світанку і сутінки 20-го століття» на основі глибокого вивчення американського суспільства (Fairchild, 2004). Вона аргументувала, що історія інклюзії у 20-му столітті була сформована кількома ключовими подіями та тенденціями. ...
... Наразі цифрова інклюзія -це максимально широкий і позитивний підхід до подолання цифрового розриву, який враховує не лише доступ, але й навички, мотивацію та довіру (Kumar, & Ahuja, 2021). Огляд науково-методичної літератури показав: принципи цифрової доступності вибудовуються, виходячи з розуміння, що 81 така доступність -процесуальний компонент суспільної практики, а інклюзія -результативний (Lazar, Goldstein, & Taylor, 2015; Wilson-Barnao, 2021). ...
Видання розкриває теоретико-методичні засади організації цифрової інклюзії. Проаналізовано державну політику та розроблено методичні рекомендації доступності інформації, представленої в електронно-цифровій формі, для осіб найбільш чутливих соціальних груп. Видання орієнтоване на освітян, фахівців-практиків, науковців, що працюють у сферах соціальних та гуманітарних наук, та для громадських активістів, які беруть участь у створенні соціально привабливого та легкого для сприйняття контенту та програмного забезпечення. Може використовуватися як додаткова література при викладанні дисциплін освітніх програм підготовки фахівців згаданих спеціальностей.
... Johnson -Reed Act limited immigration quota to 150,000 a year, restricted to countries 2% of each nationality presented in America according to 1890 census. It completely excluded immigrants from Asia, and by large diminished the number of immigrants from Southern Europe, and favored countries in Northern and Western Europe, especially the UK (Ngai, 1999;Fairchild, 2004;Abramitzky, & Boustan, 2017). Nobel Prize Laureate James Watson stated that American racist immigration law caused turning away of many Jews trying to find shelter in the States running from Nazi prosecution. ...
... Epidemics and pandemics represent propitious times to scapegoat marginal communities with the wide set of cases explored in the literature, including the plague, smallpox, SARS, MERS, HIV/AIDS and EVD (Benton and Dionne 2015;Eamon 1998;Echenberg 2002;Eichelberger 2007;Faulkner et al. 2004;Ginzburg 1990;M'Bokolo 1982;Markel and Stern 2002;Mason 2012;Ngalamulume 2012;Porter 1992;Ticktin 2017a; White 2010). The scapegoating of those portrayed as disease vectors has gone along with efforts to prevent their entrance into the body politic and to distance, seclude, and expel those that are already within (Ba 2014;Cohn 2007;Edelson 2003;Eichelberger 2007;Fairchild 2004;Laccino 2014;McClain 1988;White 2010). The reasons for which migrants are blamed for the spread of diseases are diverse. ...
The heightening of exclusionary practices targeting migrants during epidemics often creates dilemmas for perpetrators whose resolution undermines the foundational structures of xenophobic narratives. For many perpetrators of xenophobic acts, epidemics amplify dilemmas rooted in the chasm between neat dichotomizing exclusionary tropes and messy social realities. Escape efforts involving fabricating categories of special migrants that can be spared maltreatment undermine the homogenization and ossification of communities, and the elision of inter-communal links that are fundament to xenophobic discourses. Exclusionary practices targeting Peul migrants from Guinea in Senegal during the 2013–2016 Ebola epidemic constitutes the arena for this study.
... These efforts represent a racially driven logic of excluding migrants from Mexico and Central and South America, in particular. Such efforts are an extension of historical efforts of excluding immigrants based on race (Fairchild, 2004;Ngai, 2014), but militarized border enforcement and the Prevention through Deterrence Program additionally incorporate the natural environment into enforcement efforts. ...
Despite chronic exposure to social stressors that are known to undermine health, the Latinx population within the USA is healthier than the non-Latinx White population on most indicators of mental health. However, Latinx children and youth who were born and/or raised in the USA amid a culture of anti-immigrant sentiment, racial/ethnic discrimination, and socioeconomic disadvantage are in a context that increases the risk for depression and maladaptive behaviors. In this chapter, we examine mental health within the Latinx population by summarizing extant epidemiologic data and highlighting theoretical models that are applied to the study of Latinx mental health. We also explore how culture shapes mental health outcomes and mental health disparities related to national origin and immigrant status. We conclude with a discussion of a key mental health issue, adolescent depression, through a systems dynamics approach to illustrate potential future directions.
... Anthropological attention to kidney failure has revealed relationships between kidney disease, social inequalities, and vulnerability on a global scale (Scheper-Hughes 2000, 2004Scheper-Hughes and Wacquant 2002). For example, Sherine Hamdy (2008Hamdy ( , 2012Hamdy ( , 2013 has demonstrated how failures in the Egyptian welfare state resulted in some citizens being left to die. ...
... The undocumented immigrant dialysis situation in Georgia, therefore, can serve as a warning about the broader consequences of policies designed to punish immigrants, an important cautionary tale as US policymakers and leaders continue to promote legislation targeting immigrants. The Trump administration, in particular, has characterized undocumented immigrants as deviant, and advocated that contemporary immigration policy reflect polices of the early twentieth century that squarely operated on excluding immigrants because of race (Fairchild 2004;Patel 2016). Further, the administration's ban on some immigrants entering the country and proposed full wall separating the United States and Mexico underscore a need for vigilant scholarly attention to the sweeping consequences of nativist policies and to reinforce the necessity of direct action to counter political efforts to punish immigrants. ...
Anthropological research on policy and health underscores how policy reflects cultural ideologies and results in marginalizing specific populations. Ethnographic inquiry can further reveal the broader, unexpected effects of policy change. In this article, I describe how state legislators in Georgia revised an existing entitlement program to specifically exclude undocumented immigrants with kidney failure from receiving life‐sustaining care. This health policy change converged with broader efforts to financialize the US health system and resulted in undocumented immigrant patients dying; being medically repatriated to their countries of birth; placed in private, for‐profit dialysis centers; or obtaining care through a burdensome process involving a public hospital's emergency room. Drawing from Mbembe's concept of necropolitics, I show how policy changes left undocumented kidney failure patients in a state between life and death, revealing the hidden outcomes of policies targeting immigrants. As anti‐immigrant policies continue to be proposed in the United States, findings from this article provide a cautionary tale about the sweeping consequences of legislation that targets immigrants.
... Since the line inspection at American immigration stations allowed only cursory examination of incoming immigrants (Birn, 1997;Fairchild, 2004;Imperato & Imperato, 2008;Kraut, 1994;Yew, 1980), detecting disease depended on competent public health officers. For trachoma, they used a buttonhook or their fingers to turn back immigrants' eyelids and find sores around the eye. ...
... Yet, linking immigrant groups and disease (e.g. Haitians and AIDS; Chinese and SARS) continues to inform the experience of immigrants and influence their political and legal rights (Fairchild, 2004;Markel & Stern, 2002). In this context, the study of trachoma and Asian immigrants at the turn of the twentieth century offers an intriguing look into the ways in which the U.S. drew its boundaries of inclusion and exclusion around disease and race. ...
This essay examines the period between 1897 and 1910, when trachoma, a contagious eye disease, became an "Oriental" problem that justified exclusionary immigration policy against Asians entering the United States. It also investigates the ways in which the public fear and alleged threat of the eye disease destabilized and undermined the rights of Asian immigrants. Many scholars have explored the link between trachoma and southern and eastern European newcomers, in particular Jews, but they have not paid much attention to Chinese or Japanese immigrants, for whose exclusion trachoma played a significant role. This is primarily because the number of Asian immigrants was much smaller than that of their European counterparts and because the Chinese Exclusion Acts, which had already been in place, functioned as a stronger and more lasting deterrent to Asian immigration than exclusion or deportation through medical inspection. Moreover, into the 1910s, medical and scientific innovations for detecting parasitic diseases (e.g. hookworm) helped American authorities exclude Asians in larger numbers. Still, the analysis of the discourses surrounding trachoma and immigration from Asia, though short-lived, demonstrates the role of medical inspection in controlling and regulating Asian immigrants, in particular Chinese and Japanese, into the United States and in constructing their legal and political rights. In 1906, the fear of trachoma justified an order to segregate Japanese students from white children in San Francisco even at the cost of compromising their rights as citizens. Along with fierce criticisms against immigration officials by the American public, the 1910 investigation of the San Francisco Immigration Office problematized the admission of trachoma-afflicted Asian immigrants. Those critical of the Immigration Office and its implementation of American immigration policy called for exclusionary measures to limit the privileges of exempt classes and domiciled aliens and hinder the exertion of their rights to leave and reenter their adopted country. The two examples show that trachoma was a convenient excuse to condemn inefficient immigration policy and regulate allegedly diseased Asian bodies. In 1910, the federal government made a decision to relegate to steamship companies full responsibility for medical inspection at Asian ports. Since they had to pay a fine for every immigrant excluded at American borders for medical reasons, including trachoma, steamship companies carried out more rigorous examinations. With medical advancements and growing interest in parasitic diseases, trachoma soon lost its appeal to immigration authorities. However, the association of immigration, race, and disease has continued to provide a rationale for immigration control beyond American borders.
... Colgrove et al. note that -[t]he medical profession claimed authority over the domain of most individual patients, while public health retained narrow responsibility for a few perennially unpopular categories of care that the medical profession didn't want to provide: services for the indigent, treatment of sexually transmitted diseases, and control of once-epidemic but increasingly vestigial contagions such as tuberculosis and smallpox‖ (Colgrove,Markowitz and Rosner,5). 27 Bayer and Fairchild, 2004;John Stuart Mill, On Liberty. (New York: Longman's, Green and Company, 1913). ...
... This apparent faith in the rightness of law is problematic for a few reasons. The history of U.S. immigration laws and their application have long been criticized by scholars across the disciplines as a history replete with bigotry (Fairchild, 2004;Glenn, 2002;Higham, 1988;Jacobson, 1998;Luibheld, 2002;Ngai, 1999). The legitimacy of nation-states, and "analyses that take national boundaries as fixed, implicitly timeless, or even always meaningful" (Briggs, McCormick, & Way, 2008, p. 627), have also been deeply contested. ...
We present a discourse analysis of social work practitioners’
commentaries on undocumented immigrants that were collected
from a survey of practicing social workers’ attitudes toward immigration
and immigrants. Analyzing 198 open-ended comments,
we explore the discursive mechanisms practitioners employ to construct
undocumented immigrants, and their professional responsibilities
toward them. These views are illustrative of the ways in
which the profession determines inclusion and exclusion, writ
large in national immigration policies and laws and played out
in the arenas of social work and social services. Disparate views of
practitioners highlight tensions in the profession’s relationships to
law and social policies as well as to its own ethics and identity.
... It heavily influenced the federal Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) of 1996, which restricts legal immigrants' access to medical and other social services. Although intended to be a broad and sweeping welfare reform, it contained such specific provisions to limit access to medical care to unauthorized migrants that it was initially conceptualized as an immigration policy (Fairchild 2004). Today, PRWORA legislation continues to deny social services to all napa B u l l e t i n 3 4 / I m / M i g r a t i o n a n d H e a l t h immigrants for at least five years of residency, and unauthorized migrants are ineligible for any benefits other than emergency Medicaid. ...
... Health care reform, especially when coupled with immigration reform, is fundamentally about defining inclusion and exclusion. In these discussions, issues of citizenship, deservingness, and discipline resonate not only for immigrants, but for all of the working class (Fairchild 2004). ...
This article provides an overview of some of the major topical areas in the study of im/migrant health relevant for applied and practicing anthropologists. It illustrates the conceptual, methodological, and theoretical insights they have contributed to the discipline as a whole. Topics include the intersection of health care and immigration policy; access to services; charity care and free clinics; cultural competency; medical pluralism; reproductive health and citizenship; communicable disease; the acculturation concept; and “illegal” status as a form of health disparity. These issues are highlighted using both U.S. and comparative international research literature, with a special focus on unauthorized im/migrants. Finally, this article suggests an agenda for future work in the field of im/migrant health for applied and practicing anthropologists.
