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Total area of Masjid-e-Nabawi Total area of Masjid-e-Nabawi is about 617 * 675 meters. When we visit Masjid Nabawi we see that high-class facilities are being provided to the pilgrims, however, we still see a lack of real time implementation of technology. Therefore, we want to propose a smart solution that will not only help the pilgrims and visitors to perform their sacred
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Managing a huge crowd and providing them with required services has always been a challenge. Millions of faithful visits the holy sites in Saudi Arabia to perform various rituals, each year. During the event of Hajj, masses of pilgrims gather in Makkah and Madinah making it one of the largest gatherings in the world. Several challenges arise while...
Citations
... Reliable communication protocols and authentication techniques are crucial to protect against unwanted access and data modification. To maintain smooth connectivity and uninterrupted data transfer within the IWSN, a reliable network architecture is also essential [2], [11]. Many difficulties are associated with deploying IWSNs in industrial control system (ICS) environments [1]. ...
Significant time delays and energy inefficiencies are frequently caused by implementing Industrial Control Systems (ICS) in Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks (IWSN). To overcome these issues, this paper suggests two optimization techniques: Harris Hawk Optimization (HHO) and Gradient-Based Optimization (GBO). The GBO technique uses gradient data to optimize ICS deployment to reduce delay times and increase IWSN energy efficiency. The system achieves an efficient communication flow and minimizes transmission delays by incrementally altering the arrangement of ICS components based on gradient descent. The allocation of resources and the elimination of unnecessary data transmissions optimize energy use. Similarly, the HHO approach optimizes ICS deployment in terms of time delay reduction and energy economy by modeling the cooperative hunting approach of Harris Hawks. The HHO algorithm effectively balances exploration and exploitation to find the best deployment configurations. Extensive simulations assess the proposed method in simulation model ICS scenarios. The outcomes show how well GBO and HHO work to cut down on delays and increase energy effectiveness. The enhanced ICS deployment reduces time delays and uses less energy than traditional deployment techniques, improving IWSN performance. The simulation code can be accessed via: [https://github.com/Muzamil282/HHOfor-time-reduction-in-an-ICS-System-]
... e suggested ICS can aid in elucidating crowd characteristics such as density, velocity, location, and direction. In other research [5,[37][38][39][40], similar networks are also mentioned. ...
Emerging technologies provide a highly compatible platform for analyzing substantial data volumes relating to crowd management. These technologies are not only effective in providing remedial solutions but they are also cutting-edge, saving both time and money, and user-friendly. About twenty percent of the world’s Muslims are granted the ability to take part in religious observances on an annual basis. An in-depth analysis of the technologies and applications used in the Hajj and Umrah systems is required given the importance of utilizing and adapting technology to assist pilgrims performing the Hajj and Umrah. Both of these pilgrimages are considered acts of worship by Muslims. As a result, the services provided during Umrah and Hajj will be significantly enhanced if the numerous technological advancements that are evaluated in this paper are implemented. The majority of previous research is shown to revolve around artificial intelligence and embedded Internet of Things technologies in the paper, highlighting a gap in the research that should be filled by investigating the necessity of discussing and introducing immersive technologies. During the annual pilgrimage to Makkah, Saudi Arabia, several different technologies are utilized with the goal of enhancing the quality of services provided to pilgrims performing the Umrah and Hajj. This paper provides an analysis of these technologies. The findings of this paper point to new research directions as well as a more realistic and practical approach to improving services during Umrah and Hajj.
... This framework was evaluated using three scheduling mechanisms, with weighted round robin achieving the best results. In [20], the author proposed an integrated RFID and WSN tag system that could track, monitor and assist visitors in Al-Masjid Al-Nabawi. The author divided the area into equal cells with static readers to read the tag of every visitor in range, which included data such as the blood pressure and pulse rate to provide any necessary assistance, especially in critical areas such as Mina. ...
Crowd management is a considerable challenge in many countries including Saudi Arabia, where millions of pilgrims from all over the world visit Mecca to perform the sacred act of Hajj. This holy ritual requires large crowds to perform the same activities during specific times, which makes crowd management both critical and difficult. Without proper crowd management and control, the occurrence of disasters such as stampedes, suffocation, and congestion becomes highly probable. At present, the internet of things (IoT) and its enabling technologies represent efficient solutions for managing and controlling crowd, minimizing casualties, and integrating different intelligent technologies. Moreover, IoT allows intensive interaction and heterogeneous communication among different devices over the internet, thereby generating big data. This paper proposes an intelligent IoT approach for crowd management with congestion avoidance in the Mina area, which is located in the holy city of Mecca. The approach implements a learning mechanism that classifies pilgrims based on the collected data and exploits the advantages of both IoT and cloud infrastructures to monitor crowds within a congested area, identify evacuation paths for pilgrims and guide the pilgrims to avoid congestion in real time. Moreover, the approach attempts to maximize crowd safety based on realistic scenarios by controlling and adapting pilgrim movements according to the characteristics of the possible hazards, pilgrim behavior, and environmental conditions. We evaluated our proposed approach by performing simulations based on real data sets and scenarios.
... The proposed system can define multiple crowd measures including direction, location, velocity, and density. Other related works have been also discussed in [125][126][127][128][129][130]. Table 4 shows a summary of previous research related to the transportation and crowd management studies. ...
The term IoT technology is associated with many fields, including scientific, commercial, industrial, health, transportation and other fields, which became a necessity of daily life across all segments of society. Artificial intelligence, the Internet of things, data science and big data are among the most prominent fields of technologies in the modern era of e-knowledge, which are increasingly being relied on in many areas of our life. This research is considered very special and urgent affecting around 20% of the humanities, i.e., Muslim people, whom try to be selected to perform Islamic rituals every year. Given this importance of applying and adapting technologies to serve Hajj and Umrah performers, it is necessary to conduct an analytical study for the technologies and their applications that have been applied in the Hajj and Umrah system. The surveyed studies have been classified, according to their targeted services (focus area), into four main branches, including studies of the two holy mosques and the holy sites, studies of the pre-arrival visitors, housing and services studies, and transportation and crowd management studies. The classified studies were analyzed according to research field, research instrument, statistical method, nature of statistical data, data collection tools, and research citations. The paper outcome opens novel research practical directions selected based on holistic overview of the current technologies analytical survey, which is essential to be considered to improve Hajj and Umrah services coping with today’s technology, in addition to discussing other open issues that need further deep research.
... In recent years, Hajj ceremonies have coincided with a very high temperature and large crowding of pilgrims in a short period of time in a limited area (Mina). In the event of overcrowding during the ceremony, in addition to stampede, severe heat exhaustion can lead to increased morbidity and mortality (4)(5)(6)(7). An important point is the repeatability of these tragic events, which further elaborates on the need to address this issue (8) since any misunderstanding in the management, support, and healing is likely to cause disasters and injuries or mortalities for many individuals (9)(10)(11). ...
Introduction: The Muslim annual pilgrimage (Hajj) ceremony in 2015 was one of the most catastrophic and tragic events of the Hajj pilgrimage in history. Thousands of pilgrims have been tragically stampeded to death and injured in the land of Mina in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, on September 25 in 2015. The last official statistics declared that at least 2,431 pilgrims died and 427 pilgrims were missed in the blocked street. Furthermore, 464 corpses were Iranian Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the treatment of the injured pilgrims by the Iranian Hajj Medical Team in Mina and assess its strengths and weaknesses in order to develop a comprehensive approach in dealing with similar events. Methods: The records of the patients were obtained from the archives of the Islamic Republic of Iran Hajj Medical Center. Firstly, the demographic data, method of triage, cause of admission, treatment methods, and referral to Mecca hospitals were extracted, and then some interviews were performed with the members of the medical team who were present at the incident scene. Finally, a protocol was proposed for the management of patients in similar incidents. Results: Out of a total of 1,633 referred patients, 567 injured pilgrims were admitted and treated during the incident. Due to the incomplete medical records, a total of 403 complete medical sheets were included in this study. Moreover, 362 cases (89.8%) improved after cooling and proper fluid replacement. They were discharged with therapeutic measures. A total of 41 injured pilgrims (10.2%) were referred to urban hospitals, and 13 cases of the referrals were due to acute respiratory distress syndrome. Furthermore, 12 subjects were referred for dialysis, and 4 cases of the referrals were due to anxiety disorders. Moreover, three cases of diabetic ketoacidosis, one case of epidural hemorrhage, one case of intracranial hemorrhage, one case of spleen hematoma, one case of sigmoid volvulus, and one case of gastrointestinal bleeding were successfully treated. The most common diagnosis was observed to be dehydration, followed by heat exhaustion and contusion. Approximately, all the victims had some degrees of the aforementioned injuries. Initial therapeutic attempts included rehydration, cooling in the cold tunnel, and correction of electrolyte imbalances. Performing a complete blood count with differential, blood urea nitrogen, sodium, and potassium tests, and urinary catheterization were determined as per case (if needed); nevertheless, fluid therapy and cooling were carried out (as primary resuscitation) for all the injured patients. Conclusions: Therapeutic efficacy was evaluated as excellent due to zero mortality. As a result, it was decided to propose a treatment method for the Hajj Medical Team as a protocol for the management and treatment of injuries caused by mass gathering (e.g., contusion and heat exhaustion) in similar events. For the implementation of the best measures in similar situations, it is compulsory to organize medical teams with trained personnel.
... The pilgrimage will be wearing a wearable device to determine their situation by learning the pilgrim range from their group members (Abdeen et al., 2018). Another past project using the wireless system network (WSNs) and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) network to monitor the pilgrimage in terms of their health and location (Tufail, 2018). Next, the past project develops an application that helps the pilgrimage read the signboard and show the directions to their destination using a global positioning system (GPS) (Albaqami et al., 2018). ...
In this paper, a smart tracking prototype and a health monitoring system for Hajj and Umrah pilgrims have been developed. The prototype is using the TTGO T-watch with GSM/GPS module and a pulse sensor. The system collects the data from the GPS module pulse sensor on the smartwatch to determine the pilgrims' location (longitude and latitude) and heart rate. The watch's data is sent to the Blynk server and then shown in the application called 'iTrack', built using the Blynk platform. It will show the live location and current heart rate of the pilgrims. This device will notify the travel agent and pilgrim when the heart rate is beyond the acceptance range (below 40 bpm or above 128 bpm). The watch's GSM module makes the device a stand-alone watch and provides the watch with mobile data. The internet is used to send data to the application. The notification is sent to the registered number using SMS. This prototype also has a call button that will call the registered number once being press. In conclusion, this prototype is easy to set up and used to help the travel agency and group member monitor the pilgrim whereabouts and heart rate.
