1 Topography of Mexico and its states (1 Baja California Sur, 2 Baja California, 3 Sonora, 4 Chihuahua, 5 Sinaloa, 6 Durango, 7 Coahuila, 8 Nuevo León, 9 Zacatecas, 10 Nayarit, 11 Aguascalientes, 12 San Luis Potosí, 13 Tamaulipas, 14 Veracruz, 15 Hidalgo, 16 Querétaro, 17 Guanajuato, 18 Jalisco, 19 Colima, 20 Michoacán, 21 México, 22 Mexico City, 23 Tlaxcala, 24 Morelos, 25 Puebla, 26 Guerrero, 27 Oaxaca, 28 Tabasco, 29 Chiapas, 30 Campeche, 31 Yucatán, 32 Quintana Roo)

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... (5636 masl). Mexico contains two peninsulas (Baja California and the Yucatan); the Mexican Plateau, which is composed of two main mountain chains, the western Sierra Madre and the eastern Sierra Madre; and a Neovolcanic Transversal, the southern Sierra Madre, which derives the Sierra Madre of Chiapas, which extends through Central America ( Fig. ...

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... four most widely distributed species in the country are barn owl (Tyto furcata, previously Tyto alba), great horned owl (Bubo virginianus), burrowing owl (Athene cunicularia), and short-eared owl (Asio flammeus; Fig. 15.2). These species present a wide continental distribution. Meanwhile, there are six species with a distribution restricted to only one state in the country, some of which are endemic to Mexico, like Oaxaca screech owl (Megascops lambi, endemic in the Pacific slope in the state of Oaxaca), bearded screech owl (M. barbarus, endemic to the ...

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... a wide continental distribution. Meanwhile, there are six species with a distribution restricted to only one state in the country, some of which are endemic to Mexico, like Oaxaca screech owl (Megascops lambi, endemic in the Pacific slope in the state of Oaxaca), bearded screech owl (M. barbarus, endemic to the highlands of the state of Chiapas, Fig. 15.3), and cape pygmy owl (G. hoskinsii, endemic to the mountains of Baja California Sur), and the three remaining species are northern pygmy owl (Glaucidium californicum, distributed to the south of its range in the state of Sonora), Guatemalan pygmy owl (G. cobanense), and unspotted saw-whet owl (Aegolius ridgwayi; Of all the owl species ...

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... and Baja California Sur with nine species each. The se states are in the Peninsulas. On the other hand, the states with the highest species richness are Oaxaca with 24 species, Colima with 20, and Jalisco, Michoacán, and Puebla with 19 species in each state. There is no relation between the owl species richness in a state and its area ( Fig. 15.5). Many of the records of owl species by state are accidental or occasional; therefore the species richness of a state will increase if the research with this group increases. Furthermore, the distributions of species are dynamic and in constant ...

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... Psiloscops (Otus) flammeolus, Micrathene whitneyi, Athene cunicularia, Asio otus, and A. flammeus, but there are resident populations in the country (Appendix 15.1). Another pattern of distribution is altitudinal. Some species with a wide latitudinal distribution have a wide altitudinal distribution (i.e., Tyto furcata, Bubo virginianus; Fig. 15.6). Others, like Strix occidentalis and Megascops kennicottii, also have a wide altitudinal distribution from sea level until 2500 masl or greater. Thirteen species are distributed below 1500 m, and only seven species are distributed around 1500 masl; 25 species reach a distribution limited (maximum or minimum) at 1500 masl ( Fig. ...

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... virginianus; Fig. 15.6). Others, like Strix occidentalis and Megascops kennicottii, also have a wide altitudinal distribution from sea level until 2500 masl or greater. Thirteen species are distributed below 1500 m, and only seven species are distributed around 1500 masl; 25 species reach a distribution limited (maximum or minimum) at 1500 masl ( Fig. ...

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... but in distinct sites ( Rangel-Salazar 2001, 2007). Depending on the altitude, other species can integrate into the community; in tropical regions lower than 1500 masl, crested owl (Lophostrix cristata) or spectacled (Pulsatrix perspicillata) can be found, while Aegolius species can be found in temperate zones higher than 1500 masl ( Fig. 15.4). In the case of Micrathene whitneyi and Athene cunicularia that are distributed altitudinally up to 2000 masl, they use environments very specific to their ecological needs. Micrathene whitneyi is distributed in arid or semiarid environments with bushes, scrub, and chaparral. Primarily with saguaros, while A. cunicularia also inhabits ...

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... polychlorides #8 PCB 126) in eggs of burrowing owls (Athene cunicularia) are highly toxic and can affect the hatching of the eggs (García- Hernández et al. 2006). Recently, concentrations of organochlorides have been found in Ridgway's pygmy owl (Glaucidium brasilianum; now G. ridgwayi) in Chiapas (Arrona-Rivera 2015; Arrona-Rivera et al. 2016, Fig. ...

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... consider for categories of risk (E, probably extinct in wildlife; P, in peril of extinction; A, threatened or at risk; and Pr, special protection, SEMARNAT 2010). This law currently includes 22 species and subspecies of owls of which 5 have special protection, 13 are threatened, three are in peril of extinction, and one is probably extinct (Appendix 15.1). Of these, five are subspecies (SEMARNAT 2010, Appendix 15.1). ...

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... are difficult to study given their behavior, which is generally nocturnal and also cryptic, secretive, and stealthy, and many are rare. The information that exists about owls in Mexico are found on general bird lists or new registers of distribution or sightings, and only recently have studies begun that are aimed specifically at this group ( , Fig. 15.10). However, some studies are theses and have been not published and several are unavailable, and others are reports. Only few have been ...

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... in lists (e.g., protected natural areas). After a revision of owl species publications, the states that have more studies are Hidalgo, Durango, Chiapas, and Tlaxcala (Table 15.2). On the other hand, there is a lack of information for nine species, which include Megascops lambi, Glaucidium hoskinsii, and Asio clamator, among others (Table 15.2, Fig. 15.11). In general, the studies about Mexican owls are grouped into the following topics: distribution, abundance, habitat use, reproduction, diet, and vegetation ...

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... Fig. ...