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To draw people out of congested cities, garden cities should offer the best aspects of both urban and rural life as shown in the lower 'town-country' magnet. Source: Howard (1902)
Source publication
Purpose
The purpose is to open the possibility for a research institute, perhaps in partnership with a local council and a major developer, to bring together skills necessary to prototype the CEV development model.
Design/methodology/approach
This paper advances the development of a hypothetical, systems-based approach to the design and developmen...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... is, to discover a method for redistributing the population in a spontaneous and healthy manner. On the bottom magnet of figure 1, Howard identifies the factors that he considers would draw people out of the cities based on the combination of the best aspects of town and country life. Table 1 ...
Citations
... Recognizing the interconnected nature of crises, such as those of economic, social, and public health origins, is vital for developing adaptive strategies [56][57][58]63]. Urban development should also align with future-ready models, including telework-friendly designs, ensuring longterm adaptability to evolving societal and economic trends [64]. In addition, the insights from this study can be applied to other high-density cities facing similar challenges. ...
External events and crises significantly influence urban development. This study primarily aimed to investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on city development dynamics through structural change and spatiotemporal analysis, focusing on the Hong Kong SAR as a case study. The analysis revealed disruptions across the office, residential, and retail property sectors during late 2019 and early 2020. The findings emphasize the “Polycrisis” concept, where overlapping social, economic, and health crises amplify impacts. The office sector demonstrated greater vulnerability, particularly in higher grade offices in and near central business districts. In contrast, the residential sector showed greater resilience overall, with smaller, centrally located units being more vulnerable, while larger, peripheral units exhibited a stronger resilience. The retail market responded distinctively, with peripheral areas experiencing a greater impact than the city core, reflecting pandemic-related restrictions. In general, the findings show that the recovery from the crises is slow and might affect future land use and urban planning norms. Additionally, population trends highlighted a shift toward suburban living, with recent rising densities in peripheral districts and population declines in central areas. This study’s insights contribute to policymaking, urban planning, and discussions on understanding the evolving city dynamics.
... [35] x x x 4.2|8.5 [46] x x x x -|- [60] x x x 5.8|5.5 [36] x [63] x 12|17.2 [64] x -|2.4 [65] x -|- [66] x |0.9 ...
This research aims to explore the potential of renewable energy sources in urban planning, focusing on microgeneration technologies, through a structured literature review. A systematic review was conducted using the PRISMA method, encompassing the identification, selection, eligibility, and analysis of studies related to renewable energy microgeneration in urban environments. The findings emphasize key areas such as policy development, energy security, and future scenario projections, with a particular focus on solar energy generation. The review highlights the importance of robust regulatory frameworks and monitoring systems for effectively managing prosumers and ensuring equitable energy distribution. Key challenges identified include the intermittency of renewable energy sources, regulatory complexities, monitoring systems, prosumer management, energy sizing risks, and the lifecycle of microgeneration technologies. The research accentuates the need for outstanding collaboration between academia, industry, and urban planners to accelerate the adoption and implementation of renewable energy solutions. The main conclusion is that such collaboration is essential for addressing challenges, driving innovation, and contributing to the development of sustainable urban energy systems.
... They conclude that industrial agriculture 'is not considered sustainable when compared to self-organising ecosystems'. Building on this case, Liaros (2021a) suggests 'that the transition to a fully circular economy will require a paradigm shift-another agricultural revolution-the transition away from large-scale industrial agriculture to a decentralised network of circular food systems'. ...
This chapter questions whether the concept of sustainable development is sufficient, preferencing the term regenerative development that would require regeneration of natural systems and have a net positive impact on both people and planet. Examining the concept of regenerative development we identify a more holistic, system-based approach to development. Applying this systemic lens to the UN Sustainable Development Goals shows that improving public health requires not just healthcare for people but also for the planet through the provision of clean water and sanitation; clean air through the adoption of renewable energy; and regenerative agricultural practices for the production of fresh food. Such a holistic approach highlights the connections between public health and sustainable development. The discussion identifies key principles and design elements for the development of a network of regenerative villages, each of which would include a renewable energy micro-grid, a water micro-grid, a regenerative agricultural system, and shared electric vehicles, all supporting a built environment where people can live, work, and play.
... In the 21st century, environmental issues have caused severe damage, making sustainability the most important issue at present. Design attributes and perceived needs have gradually undergone reshaping [7]. ...
... The ReSOLVE theory has been applied in the built environment [5,7,24]. Circular design attributes emphasize the functional design of housing as stimuli, enhancing consumers' emotions and perceptions. ...
The reconstruction of residences has led to an increase in the use of single-use materials in the construction industry. In the context of the circular economy, with the implementation of circular housing from a cradle-to-cradle perspective, the field of housing construction is changing rapidly. Innovation and sharing improve the consumer experience and increase consumers’ purchase intention. This research integrates design attributes, sharing attributes, perceived value, and affective value to study the impact of circular housing on acceptance and identification. The framework of SOR theory framework is used to analyze the predictive factors of consumer intention. The results emphasize that emotional responses in terms of affective value, perceived value, and social equity are the most prominent. This research also utilizes the KJ method. The research methods include a literature review, field observations, expert interviews, questionnaire surveys, and triangulation validation. Moreover, this research uses PLS-SEM to analyze the data of 568 participants. The structural analysis shows that consumers’ acceptance and identification of circular housing are strongly influenced by social equity. A total of 16 out of 17 hypotheses are established, with eight partial mediating effects, including the mediating role of social equity. Perceived value is found to affect consumers’ cognition and attitudes Perceived value and design attributes, as well as these factors combined, influence consumer acceptance and identification. This research provides strategies to enhance the design of circular housing and promote its development. This research explores the relationship between consumers’ acceptance and identification of circular design and the development of circular housing. It first establishes a structural model based on the SOR theory. Adding the mental map of interview results to the model, the results of this research analyzes the design attribute value, and the SEM-PLS analysis influences highlights the identification and acceptance of circular housing.
... Weigend Rodriguez et al. (2019) century Garden Cities by the same author (Liaros, 2021b). ...
The Circular Economy (CE) is conceived by many as paramount to decoupling economic growth from environmental impacts. Implementing this paradigm in the private sector is challenging, as it requires substantial changes at the strategic level. However, while Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) represent 99% of all businesses and 67% of employment in Europe, the available support for a CE transition has been mainly focused on large corporations. Therefore, the backbone of the European economy might be left out by the CE if tailored solutions are not designed and implemented for SMEs.
Through a bibliometric review and a snowballing technique, I reviewed the available CE and Futures Studies (FS) approaches and analysed further the most prominent of these frameworks. As the CE and FS approaches and methodologies lack guidance for their implementation, I developed a systematic method called Circular Futures Approach (CFA). An in-depth two-year-long case study approach tested this methodological tool in the context of a Dutch SME.
The combination of CE principles and FS methods could contribute to organisations' successful transition towards sustainable futures by exploring possible pathways for better decision-making in the present and equipping teams with relevant skills to survive unexpected events and stay future-relevant in uncertain times. Furthermore, the developed participatory process provides a customisable approach to SMEs, contributing to both (CE & FS) disciplines’ literature.
The results of my research demonstrate that the CFA can significantly enhance the potential of SMEs to transition to circularity and reach their preferred future. I hope the work in this research will influence the interface between top-down policymaking and bottom-up business decision-making as a valuable hands-on guideline. Furthermore, the approach could enhance the policy developments that support the vast number of existing and future SMEs in Europe and around the globe.
... It is argued that the CE has shortcomings for urban development because it lacks a social dimension, ignores the importance of governance, and fails to territorialise CE in terms of scale or context (Kębłowski, Lambert et al. 2020;Williams 2022). Thus, while much of the discussion on CE focuses on the temporal dimension of life cycles of products and materials, its spatial dimension-whereby CE refers to the physical layout of a neighbourhood or city-is currently underexplored (Liaros 2021). ...
... Sumber artikel Telecenter, Operator Seluler, Utilitas Internet, Penyimpanan data, Aplikasi lokal, Komputasi Ubiquitous, IoT, Sensor, Perangkat Jarak Jauh, Broadband, Jaringan Satelit, Komunikasi [11], [17], [18], [19], [20], [21], [22], [24], [25], [26], [29], [35], [38], [39], [40], [43], [44], [45] Dimensi teknologi memiliki peran penting seperti dalam kegiatan investasi dalam infrastruktur, pengembangan bisnis, sumber daya manusia, kapasitas dan pembangunan masyarakat [21]. Smart village menggunakan teknologi dalam seluruh komponen untuk meningkatkan kinerja desa yang lebih baik dan lebih kompetitif pada tingkat regional maupun internatioanal [24]. ...
... Dengan demikian, smart tourism mendukung pengembangan desa dan layanannya dalam berbagai cara [34]. Indonesia merupakan negara mayoritas beragama islam, Aspek Spiritual seperti pengembangan potensi wisata berupa makam yang mampu mengembangkan ekonomi lokal [8] C. [10], [11], [12], [13], [16], [18], [44] 2 Lingkungan ...
... Pengembangan Manusia, Kesehatan, Pendidikan, Makanan, Sikap 17 [14], [15], [18], [20], [22], [23], [28], [27], [31], [34], [37], [38], [42], [43], [44], [47], [48] 4 Ekonomi Ekonomi lokal, BUMDes, layanan ekonomi, pertumbuhan ekonomi 9 [6], [15], [16], [24], [30], [33], [37], [41], [44] 5 TIK Telekomunikasi, utilitas Internet, proses otomatis, infrastruktur TI 18 [11], [17], [18], [19], [20], [21], [22], [24], [25], [26], [29], [36], [39], [40], [41], [44], [45], [46] 6 Tata kelola pemerintah Pelayanan Publik, Transparansi, Kebijakan, Pembangunan Sosial, Pemerintahan Daerah 13 [22], [31], [1], [3], [8], [34], [35], [36], [38], [39], [40], [41], [48] 7 ...
Desa pintar saat ini menjadi salah satu alternatif pembangunan desa yang berpotensi mengatasi permasalahan desa. Sebagian besar makalah penelitian tentang desa pintar membahas implementasi TIK di desa sedangkan fungsi utamanya hanya sebagai enabler. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisi gap tersebut dengan mengajukan model konseptual smart village. Model konseptual dibangun hasil dari tinjauan pustaka pada jurnal yang berkualitas. Jurnal yang dipilih yaitu Google Scholar, Emerald Insight, Elsevier dan IEEE explore dengan kata kunci “smart village”,”smart rural” dan “sustainable village”. Berdasarkan hasil pencarian pada jurnal ditemukan 1703 artikel penelitian terkait smart village. Kemudian dari 1703 artikel yang terpilih, 146 artikel diterima berdasarkan hasil membaca judul dan abstrak. Kemudian 146 artikel dianalisis dengan seksama dan menemukan 43 artikel yang berkaitan dengan topik pada penelitian ini ditinjau dari tujuan, Dimensi dan juga indikatornya. Hasil temuan terdapat 8 bidang utama dalam membangun smart village meliputi: Tata kelola pemerintah, Ekonomi desa, Lingkungan desa, Sumber daya energi, Sumber daya manusia, TIK, Petani desa dan Pariwisata. Penemuan ini memperkaya eksplorasi teoritis smart village.
... As existing infrastructure often includes path dependencies and lock-ins, it affects how liveable, maintainable, improvable, suitable, and usable a RCP can be [38]. The spatial layout of infrastructure and location of buildings can make or break the success of RCPs, as both help "manage the water cycle, seasonal food cycles, the carbon cycles, as well as inorganic material cycles" [30]. However, GIS can help identify optimal locations for hubs, storage spaces, treatment and remanufacturing plants, or other spaces needed for circularity, as shown by Laasasenaho et al. [39] for biogas plants. ...
... Governance, planning, and stakeholder engagement. Decentralised governance was mentioned by three papers as a success factor for RCPs, especially the increased authority to make decisions, which are more tailored to the local needs, conditions, and assets [30,36,42]. A further step is local governance with participatory processes with citizens or strategic, inclusive stakeholder management. ...
... In addition, although beyond the scope of our study, it would be interesting to examine the relationship between vitality and circularity in rural areas and in urban areas. As we challenge the urban-rural binary, we also encourage future research to investigate the relationship between RCPs and rural vitality on urban [30] investigating concepts such as the 15 min city in Paris, France, and studying optimal location planning concepts in various Japanese cities. ...
Recently, there has been an increase in circular cities and research on the concrete meaning of circularity at the city mesolevel. However, circular solutions or requirements for rural areas are often overlooked. This can be explained by the dominant deterritorialized and sectoral approach in circularity research, policy, and practice, which isolates places, people, and practices. The point of departure of our study is that circular cities can only thrive if their related rural areas are healthy, as they are interdependent. Within this context, we develop a framework that contributes to the conceptualisation of circular neighbourhoods and infrastructure in rural areas. We use a literature review to build on the findings of circularity research in Japan, Belgium, Finland, and Norway, and distil predefined categories for deductive analysis. We validate the deductive analysis by a further inductive analysis of the literature. Our review focuses on how the existing built environment (buildings, roads, and other infrastructure) can increase the vitality of rural areas to enable rural circularity practices (RCPs). In addition, we propose new directions for future research on circular neighbourhoods in rural areas, preferably in symbiosis with circular cities.
... There is also an opportunity to investigate blue space's effect through digital placemaking. Moreover, there are emerging debates that offer a platform for further debate in new areas where digital placemaking might be able to fit, such as participatory design methods for sustainable placemaking practices (Clarke et al., 2019), positive design for NBS (Birkeland, 2022), or planning for health and wellbeing (Liaros, 2022). ...
Technology implementations in the urban environment have the potential to reshape how communities experience places, specifically providing a potential enhancer for nature-based solutions in the city. Urban spaces are facing a number of challenges from climate mitigation to negative effects on communities. In this context, nature-based solutions aim to promote nature as an answer to the current climate challenge, linking positive outcomes for society in a cost-effective way. Urban nature could benefit from the implementation of technology to enhance nature experiences and nature's impact on the community. This study aims to review and synthesise existing literature focusing on the associations between digital placemaking, mental health and wellbeing impact and the use of green and blue spaces while exploring successful case studies. Hundred and seventeen studies met the eligibility criteria, most of them used qualitative methods. The findings provide insights into the potential impact of digital placemaking practices for urban nature on citizens’ wellbeing and mental health. Our results indicated an absence of agreement on the concept of digital placemaking, and a lack of blue space research while nature was presented as a context and passive element. Mental health and wellbeing are mostly approached without specifically examining health indicators or assessing the health impact of these practices. Our study proposes a model offering insights into the broad range of best practices for implementing digital placemaking for nature and wellbeing and represents a key contribution to understanding the innovative application of augmenting NBS through digital placemaking impacting the wellbeing of citizens.
... We believe that the human settlement theory provided here and in previous publications (Liaros 2019(Liaros , 2021a(Liaros , 2021b(Liaros , 2021c establishes an integrated approach that strives to improve not just human health, but also ecosystem health, social connection, and economic efficiency. ...
... Together with the adoption of this new vision for human settlements, it is necessary to develop an action plan for bringing the vision into reality. Key elements of this plan have been proposed, including design guidelines for Circular Economy Villages (Liaros 2021b) and a strategic planning process enabling the assessment and approval of such village developments by local authorities (Liaros 2019). While more research may be useful, perhaps the next steps should involve developing practical methods of financing and building pilot projects to test the concept on the ground. ...
Civil infrastructures have historically been developed as highly centralised, extensive, and complicated systems. Electricity, water, buildings, transport networks, and communication systems are each delivered separately. Recent advancements in the development of energy micro-grids have opened the possibility of localised, intensive, and complex, nature-based infrastructure ecosystems. Designed at the scale of a village, such systems would integrate different types of infrastructure. For example, an energy micro-grid can provide electricity to buildings, power electric vehicles and cycle water through a precinct. In turn, the water system can store energy and irrigate a diverse, regenerative food system. Providing housing close to food production reduces transport costs, supply chain losses and packaging. The significant land area required for each village would result in a dispersal of populations, creating networks of villages, each with integrated infrastructure ecosystems. This challenges the orthodoxy in town planning and regional economics that accepts ever-increasing urbanisation. To synthesise ideas developed in different disciplines we adopt the epistemology of consilience. That is, a conclusion can be confirmed when different disciplines arrive at that same position. We show that literature in town planning, regional economics, ecological economics, and public health all support the argument for dispersal reached through civil engineering systems.
