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The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of detraining following a block (BLOCK) or daily undulating periodized (DUP) resistance training (RT) on hypertrophy, strength, and athletic performance in adolescent athletes. Twenty-one males (age = 16 ± 0.7 years; range 15-18 years) were randomly assigned to one of two 12-week intervention gro...
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Summary of the doctoral thesis Introduction: In many sports, strength is considered an important basis for performance. One factor affecting strength is muscle mass. Therefore, it may be necessary to increase muscle mass in athletes through resistance training. However, the most effective strategy to gain muscle mass has not yet been clearly identi...
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... Frequency of the resistance training interventions ranged from 2 to 4 days per week. Three studies included resistance training until muscle failure [50,52,63], while eight studies conducted the resistance training program with submaximal efforts [39,40,46,51,53,[64][65][66]. Only one study included a group which performed resistance training until muscle failure and another group that performed submaximal efforts [4]. ...
Resistance training is the most effective strategy to modify muscle architecture, enhancing sport performance and reducing injury risk. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of high loads (HL) versus lower loads (LL), maximal versus submaximal efforts, and high frequency (HF) versus low frequency (LF) on quadriceps architectural adaptations in team sports players. Five databases were searched. Vastus lateralis thickness, fascicle length and pennation angle, and rectus femoris thickness were analyzed as main outcomes. Overall, resistance training significantly improved muscle thickness and pennation angle, but not fascicle length. LL led to greater fascicle length adaptations in the vastus lateralis compared to HL (p = 0.01), while no substantial differences were found for other load comparisons. Degree of effort and training frequency did not show meaningful differences (p > 0.05). In conclusion, LL lengthen the fascicle in a greater extent than HL, training with LL and twice a week could maximize architectural adaptations, whereas the degree of effort does not appear to be a determinant variable on quadriceps architectural adaptations.
... Thus, these findings need to be interpreted carefully. Nevertheless, similar findings (i.e., trivial changes) have been reported recently in male adolescent American Football players (age range 15 to 18 years) for explosive power (i.e., CMJ jump height) after a 3-week off-season period (14). In contrast, there were small improvements in explosive power (i.e., horizontal jump) in youth untrained male athletes (circa and post-growth spurt) after a 8-week de-training period (26). ...
... Although only few studies investigated changes in maximal strength to an off-season period in youth athletes, there appears to be a similar trend indicating that maximal strength can be preserved even after a period of limited exposure to strength training. Trivial changes in one repetition maximum in the back squat after a 3-week off-season period (14) and peak torque of knee flexors and extensors in the isokinetic dynamometer after a 4-week off-season period in U16 highly trained U16 soccer players (43) were reported recently. These data are in line with current findings suggesting that there is a preservation of maximal strength as a result of the natural development of neuromuscular (i.e., intermuscular coordination, muscle fibre activation, muscle fibre recruitment, firing frequency) and morphological adaptations (i.e., cross-sectional area, muscle fibre pennation angle, musculotendinous stiffness) occurring during mid and late adolescence (3,30). ...
De-training effects of physical performance characteristics over a 4-week winter off-season period in highly trained youth soccer players-no need to consider biological maturity. BLUF Highly trained U14 to U16 youth soccer players were able to maintain explosive power, reactive strength, and maximal strength characteristics while cardiovascular fitness was impaired, yet only to a small magnitude, after a 4-week winter off-season period irrespective of the chronological age and biological maturity. ABSTRACT The aim of the current study was to quantify the changes from a 4-week winter off-season period upon physical qualities in highly trained youth soccer players in relation to chronological age and biological maturity. Data were collected from 39 male U14, U15 and U16 soccer players of a professional club. Players performed a testing battery during the last week prior to and first week after the 4-week winter off-season period consisting of standing height, body mass, Countermovement Jump (CMJ), Repeated Jump Test 5max (RJT5max), Isometric Mid-Thigh Pull (IMTP), and a sub-maximal run assessing exercise heart rate (HRex). Changes between pre-and post were assessed for each age group (U14, U15, and U16), and each maturity group (growth spurt, post-growth spurt, approaching maturity) by calculating standardized mean differences (SMD) and Pearson product-moment correlations (r). Changes in standing height and body mass were trivial (SMD: 0.09 to 0.15) across age groups and maturity groups. There were small to large correlations (r:-0.67 to 0.33) between skeletal age and changes in standing height and body mass within maturity groups. Changes in CMJ, RJT5max, and IMTP were trivial across age groups (SMD:-0.19 to 0.19) and maturity groups (SMD:-0.19 to 0.19). Changes for HRex were small across age groups (SMD: 0.51 to 0.58) and maturity groups (SMD: 0.48 to 0.59). Correlations between changes in physical performance characteristics and skeletal age within maturity groups revealed no clear pattern ranging from trivial to moderate (r:-0.42 to 0.30). Highly trained youth soccer players were able to maintain their physical performance characteristics except for cardiovascular fitness irrespective of the chronological age and biological maturity, while standing height and body mass remained largely unchanged.
... Furthermore, SCI decreases the expression of myogenin, an important factor for the positive regulation of protein synthesis (Trendelenburg et al., 2009;DRUMMOND et al., 2008). In support of this suggestion, Gavanda et al. (2020) observed in young athletes that after 12 weeks of resistance training followed by 3 weeks of DT, there was no reduction in gains in body mass and MT from exercise. However, an increase in FM and a decrease in LM were observed. ...
Introduction: Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a debilitating condition that causes motor, physiological, and sensory impairments, potentially leading to permanent disability, increased morbidity, and mortality, ultimately impacting an individual's quality of life (QoL). Physical exercise emerges as an effective alternative to mitigate these consequences and uphold the autonomy and QoL for this population. Detraining (DT), defined as the partial or total loss of adaptations induced by physical training in response to its complete interruption or insufficient stimulus, represents a significant concern. The objective of this systematic review was to conduct a comprehensive literature review regarding the current state of knowledge on the potential impacts of DT on the health of individuals with SCI. Method: The search was conducted on PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, SPORTDiscus, and Cochrane databases using relevant English terms (("Detraining") AND ("Spinal Cord Injury")) and their synonyms. Due to the limited number of studies addressing this topic, no specific time frame was set for study eligibility. Results: The literature search was performed in November 2023, yielding 42 results, from which 15 remained after removing duplicates. Two articles were excluded following title analysis. Thirteen abstracts were reviewed, and 7 were excluded, leaving 6 articles for full analysis. Due to the nature of the studies, a meta-analysis was not conducted. Conclusion: DT resulted in alterations in body composition (BC), including increased body fat and reduced muscle mass, especially following the interruption of testosterone-associated training. Additionally, the cessation of training impacted the metabolic profile, leading to changes in glucose, lipids, and insulin sensitivity. Furthermore, hemodynamic variables, such as blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR), underwent changes, elevating the risk of cardiovascular complications. Regarding cardiorespiratory components, there was a decline in peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) following the DT period. Halting exercise can lead to detrimental health consequences, underscoring the imperative of maintaining consistent physical training for these individuals.
... Previous investigations have reported that young people tend to experience less decline in physical fitness during a detraining period compared to adults (Carter & Horvat, 2016;Chaouachi et al., 2019;Gavanda et al., 2020). This is due to the fact that young people have greater capacity for physical adaptation due to their higher levels of natural growth and development (Howard et al., 2019;Maughan & Little, 2017). ...
... To assess vertical jump, the participant begins by standing on a measuring device with feet shoulder-width apart (Granacher et al., 2011). After a countermovement squat, they explosively jump vertically, reaching as high as possible, and the highest point reached was recorded (Gavanda et al., 2020). Vertical Jump was recorded using a linear transducer (Celesco, Toronto, ON, Canada), connected to the BioPacMP100 data capture system (BioPac Systems, Inc.). ...
... As expected, most motor skills declined after a 10-week detraining period, as other authors have found (Carter & Horvat, 2016;Chaouachi et al., 2019;Gavanda et al., 2020). Even young subjects tend to show lower levels of detraining, due to factors such as adaptive capacity and their own development and growth (Howard et al., 2019;Maughan & Little, 2017). ...
Tricking has emerged as a martial arts sport that combines acrobatics, gymnastics, kicks and jumps to create multiple visually striking movements. The effects of a period of detraining in young tricking practitioners still unclear. The main objective of this study was to verify the effect of a 10-week detraining period on different motor skills in young tricking practitioners. A group of 17 children (age: 10.18 ± 0.98 years) tricking practitioners were analyzed in a pre-detraining period and a post-detraining period using agility test, vertical impulse test, horizontal impulse test and push-up test, sit-up test. The agility and sit-ups variables show significant differences of large effect (∆ = 6.82, p = .001, d = 2.80; ∆ =-13.76, p = .003, d = 1.27) respectively. Vertical impulse and push-ups showed significant differences between training phases a moderate effect (∆ =-5.13, p = Effects of a 10-week detraining period on gross motor skills in young tricking practitioners Efectos de un período de desentrenamiento de 10 semanas sobre las habilidades motoras gruesas en jóvenes practicantes de tricking
... As a consequence, escaping from that state would require much more time, proportional to the quantity of the required reverse (detraining) reconfigurations of the network, compared to the time required to escape from much shallower minima (i.e., less stable states), characteristic for networks with less accumulated exercise time (t e ). However, the biological reasons for this stabilization are yet unknown (Gavanda, Geisler, et al., 2020). ...
... Moreover, our study adds knowledge to the previous findings by showing that all types of strength are negatively affected by the lockdown (isometric, abdominal, lower-limb strength). A recent investigation found that three weeks of detraining did not affect muscle thickness, strength, or sport performance [28]. However, this study was performed on adolescent athletes, which, together with the short period of a lack of exercise, could potentially explain the contradicting findings, as older individuals are more prone to lose their physical fitness levels. ...
We aim to examine the changes in health-related physical fitness components, before and after COVID-19 social restrictions, in Police Academy cadets by age, sex, and physical activity (PA) level. A longitudinal analysis of 156 cadets (29.5% women) aged 25.4 ± 5.3 years old was conducted. All variables were collected before and after the lockdown period (13 weeks). PA levels were assessed with a self-reported questionnaire. Health-related physical fitness components were assessed based on the standardized protocols of morphological evaluation, speed, agility, strength, flexibility, and aerobic capacity tests. Despite the high correlations between pre-and post-pandemic social restrictions, we found significantly higher values for anthropometric indicators and lower physical fitness levels in post-pandemic restrictions, except for lower-body strength. When stratifying the sample by sex, age, and PA categories, the results indicate that the COVID-19 lockdown tends to differently impact anthropometric indicators and the physical fitness of the cadets, according to their sex, age, and PA categories. Our findings show that our sample reduces several health-related physical fitness components due to the social lockdown, with emphasis on cardiorespiratory fitness in men and upper-limb strength in women, highlighting the need to create effective strategies to keep police officers active during situations of less physical work.
... It might be that muscle size is relatively preserved over shorter detraining periods (e.g., 2 weeks). In support of this idea, a recent study on adolescent athletes reported that three weeks of detraining did not significantly decrease muscle thickness [27]. Indeed, the subgroup analyses indicated that the magnitude of muscle loss increases along with detraining duration. ...
This review aimed to explore the effect of resistance training cessation (detraining) on muscle size in older adults. Five databases were searched to find eligible studies. Their methodological quality was assessed using the PEDro checklist. The data were pooled in a random-effects meta-analysis. Six studies, with eight groups, were included in the review. Resistance training interventions lasted from 9 to 24 weeks. The detraining duration was from 12 to 52 weeks. Studies were classified as being of fair or good methodological quality. Compared to the baseline data, muscle size significantly increased following the resistance training intervention (Cohen’s d: 0.99; 95% confidence interval: 0.63, 1.36). Compared to the post-resistance training data, there was a significant decrease in muscle size following training cessation (Cohen’s d: −0.83; 95% confidence interval: −1.30, −0.36). In subgroup analyses, there was no significant decrease in muscle size following 12–24 weeks of training cessation (Cohen’s d: −0.60; 95% confidence interval: −1.21, 0.01). There was a significant decrease in muscle size following 31–52 weeks of training cessation (Cohen’s d: −1.11; 95% confidence interval: −1.75, −0.47). In summary, resistance training increases muscle size in older adults. In contrast, training cessation is associated with a decrease in muscle size. However, the loss of muscle size might be related to detraining duration, with greater muscle loss occurring during longer duration detraining periods. Future studies are required to establish the time course of muscle size changes during detraining in older adults.
... Jumping, sprinting and agility tests were impaired for both boys and girls [19]. However, the effect of a 3-week detraining period had no incidence on the CMJ in adolescents [20]. Therefore, the results on aerobic fitness detraining are controversial in such a population. ...
The COVID-19 pandemic required local confinement measures reducing sport practice with possible consequences on the athletes’ performances. Furthermore, anaerobic detraining was underestimated and poorly known in adolescents. This article aimed to assess the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection and 1-month COVID-19 confinement on jump testing in young elite soccer players despite a 1-month multimodal training program followed by a 1-month soccer retraining period. Thirty-one elite soccer players aged 14 were included; 16 were infected by the SARS-CoV-2 and compared with 15 non-infected elite soccer players before and after 1 month of COVID-19 confinement, and after 1 month of a soccer retraining period. Squat jumps (SJ), countermovement jumps with (CMJs) and without arm swinging (CMJ) and multiple consecutive jumps (stiffness) were used to explore the anaerobic performances. Analysis of variance for repeated measures was used to compare the positive and negative SARS-CoV-2 groups, taking into account the confinement period (low training) and the retraining soccer period. The jump tests were not altered in the positive SARS-CoV-2 group compared to the negative SARS-CoV-2 group after confinement (SJ: 31.6 ± 5.6 vs. 32.7 ± 3.7; CMJ: 34.1 ± 6.9 vs. 34.2 ± 2.6; CMJs: 38.6 ± 6.8 vs. 40.3 ± 3.9; stiffness: 28.5 ± 4.3 vs. 29.1 ± 3.7) and at 1 month of this period (SJ: 33.8 ± 5.5 vs. 36.2 ± 4.6; CMJ: 34.7 ± 5.5 vs. 36.4 ± 3.5; CMJs: 40.4 ± 6.7 vs. 42.7 ± 5.5; stiffness: 32.6 ± 4.7 vs. 34.0 ± 4.3). The SARS-CoV-2 infection had no consequence on anaerobic performances assessed by jump tests in adolescent soccer players. The adolescents’ growth could explain the absence of alteration of jump performances during the COVID-19 confinement. These results can be useful to manage the recovery of the anaerobic fitness after SARS-CoV-2 infection occurring in adolescent athletes.
... Although it is stated that a detraining period lasting less than 4 weeks does not have significant effects on neuromuscular performance (muscle strength and power) in athletes with high fitness levels [45], it does not seem possible to say that it is the same in a long-term detraining period such as COVID-19 lockdown. ...
The aim of this study is to examine how physical performance has changed after 15 weeks (109 days) long-term absence of organized training in youth soccer players imposed by the stay at home orders. A total of sixty-eight young male soccer players from different age categories (U15, U16, U17 and U19) voluntarily participated in the prospective cohort study. Body fat percentage (BF%), counter-movement jump (CMJ), 30 m sprint, change-of-direction (COD) and yo-yo intermittent recovery test level-1 (YYIRTL-1) were evaluated twice (before and after the detraining period). Subsequently, 2 × 2 repeated measures ANOVA was used to investigate group and time differences in repeated measurements. A significance level of p < 0.05 was implemented. CV and SWC values were calculated to test the reliability of the tests performed at different times. Statistical analysis was performed using the IBM SPSS statistics software (v.25, IBM, New York, NY, USA). Significant increments in BF%, 30 m sprint, and COD (left and right), and also significant decrements in CMJ and YYIRTL-1, were found after the detraining period. A long-term detraining period due to the stay at home orders has a detrimental effect on body composition, neuromuscular performances, and aerobic capacity in youth soccer players.
... Scholars emphasized the importance of duration in the detraining process (18,20,22,(38)(39)(40). Mujika and Padilla (16) asserted that the detraining period could be categorized as short-term (less than 4 weeks) and long-term (more than 4 weeks). ...
... However, there are different findings in the studies focusing on short-term detraining. For example, Gavanda et al. (39) argued that the three-week detraining process did not affect muscle strength or athletic performance. Similarly, scholars observed that the lower extremity isokinetic muscle strength in a four-week detraining process (41), the speed and strength performances after the 26-day training interruption (38), and the studies (15,16,51,52) that physiological adaptations such as decreased blood volume are among the main reason behind the deterioration in cardiovascular function. ...
