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Three Generations of American Spatial Segregation
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In rejecting Plessy v. Ferguson’s “separate but equal” doctrine in Brown v. Board of Education, the U.S. Supreme Court created a presumption that segregation equals discrimination. However, alongside this assertion, American space has become increasingly separate. A socio-legal analysis identifies three generations of spatial segregation in the Uni...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... all these cases, the ultra-Orthodox community argues that segregation will reflect justice and equality by serving the unique community's needs. "Separate, therefore equal" is slowly becoming a normative claim for spatial justice for many communities (see table A1). The return to the forefront of the legitimate connection between separation and equality in space poses significant legal challenges and requires investigation of its implications for society as a whole, for the segregated community, and for the individual members of the community. ...Context 2
... all these cases, the ultra-Orthodox community argues that segregation will reflect justice and equality by serving the unique community's needs. "Separate, therefore equal" is slowly becoming a normative claim for spatial justice for many communities (see table A1). The return to the forefront of the legitimate connection between separation and equality in space poses significant legal challenges and requires investigation of its implications for society as a whole, for the segregated community, and for the individual members of the community. ...Similar publications
Papua’s Special Autonomy has been running for two decades with a budget disbursement of approximately 101.2 trillion rupiah. In line with that, this study aims to analyze the problems that occurred in Papua during the implementation of special autonomy. This research is qualitative research using data from books, journals, and media reports. This r...
Citations
... The Supreme Court ruled that segregation was not unconstitutional, but emphasized the importance of ensuring that public goods were provided with equal quality. As a result, the standard of public services in Black neighborhoods decreased, severely limiting their opportunities for advancement (Stern 2021). In contrast, it is interesting to observe that in early modern Bengal and even in present-day Bengal, there was a remarkable prevalence of social mobility, with many castes experiencing upward mobility, often through the assistance and patronage of Brahmins and other influential landed elites. ...
Isabel Wilkerson's recent publication has sparked an academic debate regarding the true nature of social hierarchies in South Asia and the West. This article conducts a comparative historical sociology of caste in South Asia, and race in the US, to demonstrate structural differences between these two modes of social stratification. Although caste groups in South Asia had greater possibilities of social mobility and intermarriages, interracial sex and marriage were legally prevented between Whites and non-Whites in the United States. This was because most castes in South Asia were thought to have common origins in the Brahmin caste, whereas most races were thought to have emerged from different species. Furthermore, caste hierarchies often depended on the discretion and power of locally dominant castes, whereas racial hierarchies were legally established through pseudo-scientific theories and enforced in the United States through state authorities. These divergences in their respective trajectories of development and endurance present to us, a more comprehensive understanding of how caste and race were different in their respective configurations. This is also why sweeping generalizations on such forms of social stratification were discouraged by social scientists such as Cox and Ambedkar.
... The intricate relationship between sustainable community development and social-spatial equity underscores the imperative for the justified allocating of urban resources and opportunities [2]. Ensuring an equitable distribution of socio-spatial benefits among residents, including access to education, services, and healthcare opportunities, fosters the creation of a more inclusive and egalitarian societal milieu [3]. Pressing global challenges, exemplified by pandemic crises, disproportionately impact vulnerable societal groups [4][5][6]. ...
The 2023 SDGs report underscores the prolonged disruption of COVID-19 on community living spaces, infrastructure, education, and income equality, exacerbating social and spatial inequality. Against the backdrop of the dual impact of significant events and the emergence of digital technologies, a coherent research trajectory is essential for characterizing social–spatial equity and understanding its influential factors within the urban planning discipline. While prior research emphasized spatial dimensions and mitigated spatial differentiation to ensure urban equity, the complexity of these interconnections necessitates a more comprehensive approach. This study adopts a holistic perspective, focusing on the “social–spatial” dynamics, utilizing social perception (sentiment maps) and spatial differentiation (housing prices index) pre- and post-pandemic to elucidate the interconnected and interactive nature of uneven development at the urban scale. It employs a multi-dimensional methodological framework integrating morphology analysis of housing conditions, GIS analysis of urban amenities, sentiment semantic analysis of public opinion, and multiscale geographically weighted regression (MGWR) analysis of correlation influential factors. Using Suzhou, China, as a pilot study, this research demonstrates how these integrated methods complement each other, exploring how community conditions and resource distribution collectively bolster resilience, thereby maintaining social–spatial equity amidst pandemic disruptions. The findings reveal that uneven resource distribution exacerbates post-pandemic social stratification and spatial differentiation. The proximity of well-maintained ecological environments, such as parks or scenic landmarks, generally exhibits consistency and positive effects on “social–spatial” measurement. Simultaneously, various spatial elements influencing housing prices and social perception show geographic heterogeneity, particularly in areas farther from the central regions of Xiangcheng and Wujiang districts. This study uncovers a bilateral mechanism between social perception and spatial differentiation, aiming to delve into the interdependent relationship between social–spatial equity and built environmental factors. Furthermore, it aspires to provide meaningful references and recommendations for urban planning and regeneration policy formulation in the digital era to sustain social–spatial equity.
... Everything from which schools to attend, to which entrance to use at a restaurant is either racially segregated or completely barred from the black community. At this time African Americans received intentionally inferior resources like tattered old books in schools, unfiltered water flowing through the showers and water fountains of the community, and even aged produce within the grocery stores (Stern, 2021). However, it was evident that the black The Pearl Effect: African American's Continuous Push for Well-Being community did not stop at resilience. ...
Consider this question: If happiness is found in the pursuit of a goal, could it be that an oppressed group, that is eternally in a struggle for something better, could have a subconscious and profound relationship with well-being? Is it possible that the human spirit finds ways to survive and thrive with pride regardless of the oppression? The spirit is unique. It survives independently of the oppression with no goal to emulate. Flourishing in the black community is long under-identified and misunderstood. This is primarily due to the lens from which history has analyzed it. Due to the white lens through which we see and judge most things, inequality prevails in America, and propagates a negative message of trauma for African Americans; that they are an oppressed group and nothing more. Even joy is exaggerated and misplaced as an aid to white supremacy through the mistral stereotype, a happy slave grateful for his or her inferior position in society. As Mia Bay (unpublished) asserts, this creates a problematic dichotomy of where African Americans fit in with the flourishing discussion. This paper offers a different lens through which to define thriving in the black community under a new trait, the ‘pearl’ or essence of an oppressed community. Furthermore, it offers an original theory, ‘The Pearl Effect’, which is an original term that I have coined to describe the capacity of individuals or groups to create something positive or of beauty in the face of insurmountable odds and oppression. It is exemplified by the African American community embedding their essence into positive institutions as a resilient act in the face of continuous oppression. It provides examples of the institutions that throughout history personified the Effect and created opportunities for the black community to exhibit the ‘pearl’ trait and experience flourishing, specifically the Black Church, the Harlem Renaissance, and Hip Hop.
Structural racism encompasses the effects of racial bias across all systems of society. A growing body of data indicates that structural racism contributes to racial inequities in health across the lifespan. Investigators have documented associations of different dimensions of structural racism, including cultural and institutional discrimination, to health. To clarify and integrate the scope of these data, we examine a broad array of manifestations of both cultural and institutional racism and review their associations to specific health effects outcomes. We examine effects on COVID‐19 prevalence and mortality, but also investigate data on birth outcomes and premature mortality to gain insight into health effects at each end of the lifespan. Given the pervasive and well‐documented history of racism facing Black Americans, we focus this review on the effects of structural racism on the health of Black populations in the United States. To examine the association of cultural discrimination to health, we review studies of prejudicial communications assessed with measures of area‐level prejudice, leader communications of prejudice, and reactions to race‐related cultural events. To examine the association of institutional discrimination to health, we examine laws and institutional policies that discriminated against Black Americans and shaped social and physical environments characterized by residential racial segregation and disadvantage, occupational segregation, and restricted voting rights, among other manifestations of inequity. As we document, research has demonstrated associations of cultural racism to birth outcomes and mortality, data are lacking on direct relations to COVID‐19 mortality. Institutional discrimination has been consistently linked to the increased prevalence of and mortality from COVID‐19, and some aspects are associated with birth outcomes and mortality. Understanding the interrelations among cultural and institutional aspects of discrimination and their historical roots have important implications for the development of policies and interventions to reduce structural racism and mitigate its effects on health.
