Figure 4 - uploaded by James Benjamin Tidwell
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These are the images of the toilets that were shown to the studies interviewees. The highlighted LL responses showcase the least and most preferred options of the 5 toilets that were presented. (graph made by Jasmine Burton; photos taken by Jasmine Burton)
Source publication
The United Nation’s (UN) 6th Sustainable Development Goal seeks to enable the availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all by 2030 (UN Sustainable Development Goals Platform). Lusaka, Zambia has thirteen peri-urban areas (PUAs), all with poor sanitation conditions (WHO / UNICEF). The SaToTM brand, created by the LIXIL Cor...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... Toilet ranking 40% of the responses about the SaTo TM Pan Sit toilet were positively oriented as noted in Figure 4. The SaTo TM Pan Squat toilet technology was not identified with recognizable frequency as a commonly ranked toilet for any of the characteristics, either positive or negative in connotation. ...
Context 2
... SaTo TM Pan Squat toilet technology was not identified with recognizable frequency as a commonly ranked toilet for any of the characteristics, either positive or negative in connotation. The ceramic squat pan currently on the market was rated the most disgusting by nearly half of the respondents, the least modern from nearly half of the respondents, the toilet they were least willing to buy by over half of the respondents, the least comfortable by half of the respondents, the toilet that represents status the least by half of the respondents, and the overall worst toilet of the five options by half of the toilets ( Figure 4). LLs most consistently stated that they would install the SaTo TM Pan Sit Toilet technology for themselves and they would be most inclined to provide the ceramic sit toilet for their tenants. ...
Context 3
... Toilet ranking 40% of the responses about the SaTo TM Pan Sit toilet were positively oriented as noted in Figure 4. The SaTo TM Pan Squat toilet technology was not identified with recognizable frequency as a commonly ranked toilet for any of the characteristics, either positive or negative in connotation. ...
Context 4
... SaTo TM Pan Squat toilet technology was not identified with recognizable frequency as a commonly ranked toilet for any of the characteristics, either positive or negative in connotation. The ceramic squat pan currently on the market was rated the most disgusting by nearly half of the respondents, the least modern from nearly half of the respondents, the toilet they were least willing to buy by over half of the respondents, the least comfortable by half of the respondents, the toilet that represents status the least by half of the respondents, and the overall worst toilet of the five options by half of the toilets ( Figure 4). LLs most consistently stated that they would install the SaTo TM Pan Sit Toilet technology for themselves and they would be most inclined to provide the ceramic sit toilet for their tenants. ...
Citations
... Due to the dispersed nature of rural and peri-urban households within the greater part of sub-Saharan Africa, the most feasible option open to governments is to provide boreholes at strategic locations for the villagers to access water. According to Burton et al (2016), up to 80% of people in sub-Saharan Africa depend on unsafe sources for drinking water. Burton (2016), states that people rely on water drawn from rivers, drying riverbeds, as well as swamps, lakes and dams. ...
... According to Burton et al (2016), up to 80% of people in sub-Saharan Africa depend on unsafe sources for drinking water. Burton (2016), states that people rely on water drawn from rivers, drying riverbeds, as well as swamps, lakes and dams. These sources of water are shared between humans and animals. ...
... Sharing river water with animals is a practice that is being shied away from in the developing countries by means of constructing boreholes for village dwellers. In their study, Burton, Tidwell, Chipungu and Aunger (2016) submitted that up to 80% of International Journal of Social Science Research and Review Volume 7, Issue 10 October, 2024 people in the sub-Saharan Africa depend on drinking water from unsafe sources, including rivers and near-dry river beds, swamps, lakes and dams. ...
This study investigated challenges undermining the provision of water in the Goromonzi District of Zimbabwe. Interviews were conducted on a sample of thirty respondents drawn from rural and rural-urban residents of the district to determine conditions that affect water provision at district level. Thematic and content analysis was used to analyse data. The findings reveal that some rural dwellers travel distances that exceed 2 kilometres to fetch water from boreholes, especially during the hot but dry months of the year. The results further revealed that some wells in homesteads dry up during the year, forcing the villagers to scout for water outside their villages. The Goromonzi Rural District Council bears the responsibility of constructing boreholes in the district. However, this task is shared between ward councillors and the local Member of Parliament who are expected to lobby for funding towards the constructing of boreholes in their areas of jurisdiction. The inflationary economy Zimbabwe is experiencing erodes the district’s capacity to implement community development projects, including borehole drilling. This study recommends the adoption of radical fiscal policies that could curb inflation, including the adoption of stable currency that is less susceptible to inflation.
... However, further evaluation of cleanliness and flies may be warranted, especially in busier or larger multi-user toilets in public institutions such as schools, markets or other locations that may not have regular cleaning staff. This analysis follows on others focusing on willingness to pay, preferences and acceptability of SaTo pans in Zambia, Bangladesh, Ethiopia and rural Kenya [12][13][14][15]; however, it is the first to randomise and test SaTo pans for institutions, rather than households, and objectively assess flies. Shared or public sanitation, as in HCFs, encompasses more first-time or single-use users than households where repeated behaviours and habits can be developed, and therefore may require different, more intensive behaviour change and management structures [16,17]. ...
Objectives
Innovations to improve public sanitation facilities, especially in healthcare facilities (HCFs) in low‐income countries, are limited. SaTo pans represent novel, largely untested, modifications to reduce odour and flies and improve acceptability of HCF sanitation facilities. We conducted a pilot project to evaluate acceptability, cleanliness, flies and odour within latrines in 37 HCFs in Kisumu, Kenya, randomised into intervention (SaTo pan modifications) and control arms by sub‐county and HCF level.
Methods
At baseline (pre‐intervention) and endline (>3 months after completion of SaTo pan installations in latrines in intervention HCFs), we surveyed users, cleaners and in‐charges, observed odour and cleanliness, and assessed flies using fly tape. Unadjusted difference‐in‐difference analysis compared changes from baseline to endline in patient‐reported acceptability and observed latrine conditions between intervention and control HCFs. A secondary assessment compared patient‐reported acceptability following use of SaTo pan versus non‐SaTo pan latrines within intervention HCFs.
Results
Patient‐reported acceptability of latrines was higher following the intervention (baseline: 87%, endline: 96%, p = 0.05). However, patient‐reported acceptability was also high in the control arm (79%, 86%, p = 0.34), and the between‐arm difference‐in‐difference was not significant. Enumerator‐observed odour declined in intervention latrines (32%–14%) compared with controls (36%–51%, difference‐in‐difference ratio: 0.32, 95% confidence interval: 0.12–0.84), but changes in flies, puddling of urine and visible faeces did not differ between arms. In the secondary assessment, fewer intervention than control latrines had patient‐reported flies (0% vs. 26%) and odour (18% vs. 50%), and reported satisfaction was greater. Most cleaners reported dropholes and floors were easier to clean in intervention versus controls; limited challenges with water for flushing were reported.
Conclusions
Our results suggest SaTo pans may be acceptable by cleaners and users and reduce odour in HCF sanitation facilities, though challenges exist and further evaluation with larger sample sizes is needed.
... Globally, the discrepancies between those who have access to water in urban or rural areas have reduced but large gaps still persist [1]. About 80% of people who do not have access to safe drinking water live in rural areas and more than half of them are in sub-Saharan Africa [2]. The most underprivileged of the communities are still relying on untreated and unsafe surface waters, such as lakes, rivers, swamps and dams. ...
Communities around the world living in either urban or rural areas continue to experience serious WASH problems during flood episodes. Communities and individual households are affected differently depending on their coping capacities and their resource base. Flooding causes extensive damage to water and sanitation infrastructure, leaving communities vulnerable to WASH-related illnesses. This paper aimed to analyze factors influencing the community WASH experiences during flood incidences in Tsholotsho District using a Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) model. The quantitative approach was used in this study. A questionnaire was used to collect data from household heads in Tsholotsho District. A total of 218 Questionnaires were administered in four wards that were purposively selected for this study. Gathered data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS Version 22) and principal component analysis was done, which culminated in a SUR model. The key findings of the study were that outbreaks of water and hygiene-related diseases, ponding of water which provides a breeding ground for mosquitoes, and contamination of surface water were the major WASH problems experienced in Tsholotsho District among other problems. The study also found that access to Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) programs, access to treated water, and level of education were positive and statistically significant in influencing some of the problems experienced during flooding. To increase the coping capacities of Tsholotsho communities, it is pertinent for governments and NGOs to consider implementing more WASH programs, increasing access to safe and clean drinking water, and increasing the level of education of communities.
Background: The lack of proper sanitation facilities, including toilets, creates a barrier to fulfilling sanitation needs. Rwanda also experiences challenges in sanitation whereby many citizens use traditional toilets. With its innovative design, the SATO Pan toilet has the potential to address the sanitation challenges many communities face. Few studies on SATO Pans have been conducted in some countries. However, among reviewed studies, no research has been identified in Rwanda as the milestone demonstrating the efficiency and quality of the SATO Pan, its impact on sanitation issues, and contribution to improving sanitation and promoting health practices in Kigali City. Purpose: This research aimed to explore the potential factors for the widespread adoption and use of the SATO Pan toilet and to provide a comprehensive analysis of its efficiency and easy use among Rwanda communities in the City of Kigali. Methods: Data were collected using a questionnaire, and 109 respondents were selected based on a purposive sampling technique. The UTAUT 2 Model was used to assess its efficiency and ease of use. The Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEMM) method was used for data analysis with the SmartPLS 3. Results: The findings demonstrated that, among the hypotheses tested, Behavioural Intention influences Usage Behaviour, Effort Expectancy significantly influences Behavioural Intention, and Habit significantly influences Behavioural Intention. Conclusion: SATO Pan can considerably improve community sanitation and promote health initiatives through innovative design and use. Implications: The SATO Pan's adoption and use bring about significant sanitation practices to promote hygiene and health practices. Due to the hygienic and comfortable toilet options, the SATO Pan can often overcome the undesirable effects of traditional open-pit toilets.
Ensuring a sustainable urban water supply for developing/low-income countries requires an understanding of the factors affecting water consumption and technical evidence of individual consumption which can be used to design an improved water demand projection. This paper compared dry and rainy season water sources available for consumption and the end-use volume by each person in the different income groups. The study used a questionnaire survey to gather household data for a total of 398 households, which was analysed to develop the relationship between per capita water consumption characteristics: Socio-economic status, demographics, water use behaviour around indoor and outdoor water use activities. In the per capita water consumption patterns of Freetown, a seasonal variation was found: In the rainy season, per capita water consumption was found to be about 7% higher than the consumption for the full sample, whilst in the dry season, per capita water consumption was almost 14% lower than the full survey. The statistical analysis of the data shows that the average per capita water consumption for both households increases with income for informal slum-, low-, middle- and high-income households without piped connection (73, 78, 94 and 112 L/capita/day) and with connection (91, 97, 113 and 133 L/capita/day), respectively. The collected data have been used to develop 20 statistical models using the multiple linear stepwise regression method for selecting the best predictor variable from the data set. It can be seen from the values that the strongest significant relationships of per capita consumption are with the number of occupants (R = −0.728) in the household and time spent to fetch water for use (R = −0.711). Furthermore, the results reveal that the highest fraction of end use is showering (18%), then bathing (16%), followed by toilet use (14%). This is not in agreement with many developing countries where toilet use represents the largest component of indoor end use.
