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Light steel frame (LSF) building systems offer high structural resilience, lower costs due to fast prefabrication, and high ability to recycle and reuse. The main goal of this paper was to provide state-of-the-art main components for such systems with the intention to be implemented for use in nearly-zero energy buildings (NZEBs). A brief historica...
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... used materials for ETICS are expanded polystyrene (EPS), and since the materials are quite similar, extruded polystyrene (XPS) [7]. The thermophysical properties of the different insulation materials used in LSF panels are shown in Table 4. As can be clearly seen from the table, the thermal conductivity of polymers is significantly lower compared to the other materials listed. ...Similar publications
To forestall future financial crises, risk governance has been embraced as a line of defense. Therefore, this paper seeks to synthesize the risk governance literature, identifying gaps, and suggesting direction for future research, through a systematic literature review (SLR). Analyzing 151 papers from the Scopus and Web of Science databases, this...
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... Sandwich panels. The reviewed literature about sandwich panels was mainly focused on steel-faced panels isolated with polyurethane or mineral wool since it is the main interest of the research and it is recognised that provides ideal proprieties for use as building envelope [10,31]. Although sandwich panels have been recognized as valuable insulation materials on LSF structures [31] the composite and complex nature of the material, oriented the main stream of the literature on performance assessment. ...
... The reviewed literature about sandwich panels was mainly focused on steel-faced panels isolated with polyurethane or mineral wool since it is the main interest of the research and it is recognised that provides ideal proprieties for use as building envelope [10,31]. Although sandwich panels have been recognized as valuable insulation materials on LSF structures [31] the composite and complex nature of the material, oriented the main stream of the literature on performance assessment. Among mechanical characterization, the works related to performance assessment many studies highlights the need to investigate joints between panels [32,33], considering its thermal performances [34], fire performance and moisture properties considering mineral wool insulation [35]. ...
... Sistemas construtivos leves em wood frame e steel frame vêm se destacando por apresentarem um potencial significativo em atingir melhores níveis de sustentabilidade e eficiência energética [1] [2]. Considerando os aspectos sociais e ambientais, os benefícios estão associados à rapidez na execução, podendo suprir o setor habitacional em situações emergenciais; redução no consumo de recursos naturais; redução de desperdício e menor geração de gases responsáveis pelo efeito estufa [3][4] [5]. ...
O objetivo do estudo foi desenvolver uma ferramenta de decisões projetuais que visa dar suporte ao projetista quanto ao desempenho energético da envoltória de habitações de interesse social em sistema leve. Para isso, foi aplicado um método de árvore de decisão em um treinamento de um conjunto de dados que contempla 2048 simulações de uma habitação em sistema construtivo leve, para o clima de São Paulo, Brasil. Com base no treinamento dos dados por meio de um algoritmo fornecido pela biblioteca Scikit-Learn e usando a linguagem de programação Python, pode-se realizar a predição do consumo de energia para diferentes combinações de envoltória de habitações em sistema construtivo leve. Posteriormente, por meio da técnica de benchmarking foi definida uma escala de consumo que visa classificar a habitação em três níveis de desempenho sendo: eficiente; típica; ou ineficiente. Por fim, foi desenvolvida uma interface iterativa para análise de desempenho energético de habitações em sistemas leves permitindo ao projetista identificar quais as combinações de parâmetros construtivos resultam em menores valores de consumo de energia e maiores níveis de eficiência energética.
... Joining CFS profiles into panels, such as LSF walls, floors and light truss-girders [35], results in increased in-plane stiffness, and therefore, larger free spans and improved lateral stability, while the utilization of sheathing (often woodbased) and/or cross-bracing can further enhance the performance under lateral loading [7,[35][36][37]. Moreover, novel panels being investigated show promise in improving the inherent fire resistance limitations and overall performance of LSF systems for NZEB application, without compromising its structural behaviour [38,39]. However, even so, purely LSF based construction systems are rarely used outside of low-rise structures, as the problems of insufficient lateral stiffness and strength for mid-to high-rise application persist [40]. ...
... Furthermore, spacers are added to physically separate the wallboards from the steel members and, consequently, reduce the thermal bridging effect. The idea behind the development of such an LSF system with the chosen components is described in our previous paper [30]. In the current paper, the details of the experimental study on the fire resistance of the aforementioned LSF wall systems exposed to the standard ISO 834 are presented. ...
This paper presents the details of three fire tests conducted on light-steel-framed (LSF), load-bearing wall systems, which consist of polyurethane insulation injected into the cavities of the steel frame between two or three layers of gypsum fibreboard. To investigate the thermal and structural performance limits under standard fire conditions, observations were made during the tests, and temperatures and vertical displacements were recorded. Although combustible insulation was used, the results obtained are promising for the application of studied LSF wall systems in buildings, where fire resistance of more than 60 min is required.
... A brief literature search revealed that knowledge on the fire performance of LSF structures is extensive, but there are few studies on the fire performance of LSF structures with combustible insulation materials, which in most cases have lower thermal conductivity than non-combustible thermal insulation materials. Therefore, in the research project 'Composite lightweight panel with integrated load-bearing structure -KLIK PANEL" [5], an LSF panel with improved thermal performance was developed by replacing the typical mineral wool insulation with polyurethane (PUR) foam. Due to the combustibility of PUR, the project, beside other goals, aims to analyse the type and number of gypsum boards that will provide the required fire resistance of minimum 90 minutes. ...
The main objective of this paper is to analyse, by means of experimental tests, the effects of different configurations of gypsum fiberboards on the fire behavior of light steel frame (LSF) composite panels. For this purpose, a standardized fire resistance test was performed on two specimens consisting of a steel frame, polyurethane (PUR) foam as a thermal insulation layer and three layers of gypsum fiberboards on both sides of the specimen. The configurations differed by the type of gypsum fiberboard, and during testing, the temperature rise through the cross-section of the boards was monitored. In addition, a thermogravimetric analysis of the gypsum fiberboards was performed. The results show that regardless of the type of board used in the LSF panel, the same class of fire resistance is achieved in terms of insulation properties, but a faster temperature rise was observed in the panel in which gypsum fiberboards with a lower fire performance were used.
... In the construction industry, lightweight steel frame (LSF) structures have continued to gain momentum in recent years. The advantages of LSF structures over traditional concrete and masonry structures include reduced weight, faster construction time, high potential for recycling and reuse, and lower greenhouse gas emissions over the building lifetime [9][10][11][12][13][14]. ...
... In the construction industry, CFS is considered the most sustainable modern building product because it is easy to prefabricate, has high stiffness and strength, corrosion resistant and recyclable [4]. Moreover, these advantages also apply to the entire LSF assembly. ...
... Another example of innovative LSF design was presented in the work of Tao et al [10] in which the authors proposed the use of cold-formed square hollow sections (SHS), which were found to be more effective than conventional C-shaped CFS members. A recently proposed LSF wall configuration [4] includes spacers that spatially separate the CFS members from the outside wallboards with polymer foam insulation in the cavity. Such a structure could mitigate the thermal bridging effect at ambient temperatures and protect the members from direct fire exposure when the fire protective wallboard loses its properties. ...
... Each specimen was placed in the test rig and loaded with a total vertical load of 22.5 kN (15 kN/m') using hydraulic jacks as shown in Figure 5. The adopted fire load level is obtained from the analysis of the highest dead load acting on the wall of the prefabricated single-storey structure which is being developed as part of the European project "Composite lightweight panel with integrated load-bearing structure (KLIK-PANEL)" [4]. In addition, displacement transducers were placed on top of the specimens, between the load beam and the fixed frame. ...
Light steel frame (LSF) building systems are a fast, reliable and economical construction system for residential and non‐residential buildings. Since the thermal conductivity of steel significantly limits the effectiveness of such wall systems for use in modern energy‐efficient buildings, adequate thermal insulation is essential. For this reason, numerous research studies have been conducted on LSF structures with different types and positions of thermal insulation. Due to the combustible nature of polymer foam, LSF systems insulated with this type of insulation have not been the focus of this research. On the other hand, polymer foam is ideal for automated industrial production of prefabricated load‐bearing LSF walls, and research on such walls is mandatory. In this paper, the fire test results of two innovative LSF walls with polymer foam insulation and different gypsum fibreboards are presented. In the proposed configuration, spacers are also used to prevent direct contact between the wall panels and the steel studs. The study conducted shows that a suitable configuration of gypsum fibreboards can lead to satisfactory fire resistance of energy‐efficient LSF wall systems with polymer foam.
... Among the biggest advantages of prefabricated LSF panels is the construction time compared to concrete and masonry structures [2]. Construction time is especially important in scenarios after a natural disaster that affects a large number of people, such as an earthquake or flood. ...
... In this context, LSF (Light Steel Frame) panels are increasingly being used in the construction of nZEBs [1,2]. LSF panels are structural load-bearing and non-load-bearing elements made of light steel frames, which are assembled on the construction site and are mostly connected with a bolt connection. ...
... According to [1], there are three types of LSF structures. They differ according to the arrangement of thermal insulation around the steel studs ( If an LSF panel is breached for the purposes of making electrical installations, pipes, etc., air tightness might be compromised [2] and thus violate nZEB principles and air quality in buildings. Buildings in warm climates have less negative impacts on energy compromises caused by air infiltrations [12]. ...
In order to maintain the quality of construction for nearly zero energy buildings and to reduce the pressure on construction workers with the addition of the need for faster and simpler structures, the use of cavity-insulated LSF (lightweight steel frame) panels is increasing. Requirements for performance quality, quality of life, and low energy consumption have led to the need for closer examination of heat transfer through building elements. Due to the impact on increased heat losses, thermal bridges can cause structural damage due to the increased risk of water vapor condensation on the interior surface. In this paper, numerical heat transfer analysis with the optimization of thermal bridges for LSF cavity insulated walls was made in order to reduce the overall transmission heat losses. The effects of different cavity insulation materials (mineral wool and polyurethane foam) on overall heat transferred through the building elements were analyzed. Additionally, in order to reduce the effect of thermal bridges caused by the steel frame structure, the PVC spacers between the steel and sheathing panels are introduced into calculation models. Lastly, additional layers of insulation were added on the internal and external sides of the LFS panels in order to minimize the effect of thermal bridges and maximize air tightness. Combinations of all three setups were made for wall–window, ceiling–wall, wall–floor joints for the numerical calculation. For each setup, the temperature distribution and overall heat transferred through the building elements were calculated. Different thermal bridge designs have a significant influence on the overall heat transfer, and by choosing the optimal design, the transmission heat losses can be reduced by up to 67%.
... In response to the growing demand for lighter and more resource-efficient materials in the construction industry, composite sandwich panels consisting of steel sheets filled with polyisocyanurate (PIR) foam become increasingly popular [1]- [3]. However, during the manufacturing process, small voids can form in the foam [ Fig. 1(b)], which can expand over time after installation, possibly due to daily temperature fluctuations. ...
... Various approaches, structures and materials have already been implemented into building envelope design, to reduce their environmental impact and increase sustainability. The state of the art includes prefabricated building systems such as timber frame or CLT structures [22], steel frame [23], Structural Insulated Panels [24], concrete with various additives, e.g. textile reinforced or cellular [25], as well as innovative materials, including three-dimensional fibreboard [26], cob earth [27], or paper. ...
