Figure - available from: PLOS One
This content is subject to copyright.
Source publication
Stable personality dispositions, like motives, are often assumed to exert a direct, stable impact on behavior. This also applies to the explicit achievement motive, which is supposed to influence the behavior that individuals select and how strongly they engage in it. Drawing on motivational intensity theory, we demonstrated in two studies that exp...
Citations
... Achievement motivation is the driving force of individuals to achieve success, as well as effort and perseverance in facing various challenges that come their way (Richter et al., 2021). Achievement motivation is a drive in a person to achieve success while avoiding failure (Cadenas-Sanchez et al., 2021). ...
Implementing differentiated learning is a challenge for schools that are not yet “Sekolah Penggerak”. This research aims to formulate a strategy to increase the effectiveness of differentiated learning, especially in private junior high schools that implement the "Independent Curriculum" independently. The strategy is formulated based on a structural model between the effectiveness of differentiated learning variables with academic supervision and exogenous organizational culture variables and achievement motivation as an intervening variable. This cross-sectional research was conducted on 182 private junior high school teachers in Cibinong District, Bogor, who were randomly selected proportionally. SmarPLS 3 software was used to help analyze the data. The results of this research conclude that academic supervision, organizational culture, and achievement motivation are important factors in increasing the effectiveness of differentiated learning. Achievement motivation mediates the influence of academic supervision and organizational culture on the effectiveness of differentiated learning. The effectiveness of differentiated learning can be increased by implementing academic supervision strategies and organizational culture that can increase teacher achievement motivation.
... Therefore, under this specific condition, effort should directly depend on success importance. Supporting this idea, numerous studies have shown that certain factors-such as incentive value or motives (Mazeres et al., 2019Richter et al., 2021)-can determine success importance and thus directly influence effort under the condition that task difficulty is unclear. Only individuals suffering from depressive symptoms did not show this direct effect of success importance on effort intensity (e.g., Brinkmann et al., 2009;Brinkmann & Franzen, 2013;Franzen & Brinkmann, 2015. ...
... We expected personal choice especially to increase commitment (Brehm, 1956(Brehm, , 1962-the willingness to attain a goal (Locke et al., 1988)-which should render success important. However, as success importance only directly determines resource mobilization when difficulty is unclear (Mazeres et al., 2019Richter et al., 2021;), we expected participants in the Chosen Color condition to mobilize higher resources than those in the Assigned Color condition when task difficulty was unclear. This is what we have found for cardiac PEP reactivity-a reliable and valid measure of actual effort intensity (Kelsey, 2012;Wright, 1996). ...
This experiment investigated how the personal choice of task characteristics influences resource mobilization assessed as effort-related cardiac response during a task of clearly low vs. unclear (but also low) difficulty. We expected that the personal choice of the color of memory task stimuli would justify higher effort during task performance than external color assignment. Applying the logic of motivational intensity theory (MIT; Brehm et al., 1983; Brehm & Self, 1989), we further predicted that the personal choice of the stimuli’s color would directly lead to higher effort intensity than external color assignment when task difficulty was unclear but not when the task difficulty was clear. When task difficulty was low and clear, we expected actual effort to be low in general, because high resources are not necessary for a clearly easy task. Results were as expected: when task difficulty was unclear, participants who had personally chosen the stimuli’s color showed significantly stronger cardiac pre-ejection period reactivity, reflecting higher effort, than those in the other three conditions. These findings provide first evidence that personal choice justifies relatively high effort and further support the principles of MIT regarding the critical role of task difficulty for resource mobilization.
... Plus récemment, les travaux de Richter et ses collaborateurs (Richter, 2015 ;Richter et al., 2021 ;Stanek & Richter, 2021 ;Stanek & Richter, 2016) ont testé les prédictions de la TIM dans la mobilisation de ressources physiques (i.e., effort physique objectif). Richter (2015) a souligné une limite quant à l'utilisation des données cardiovasculaires concernant le principe de conservation d'énergie. ...
... Ces résultats supportent les prédictions de la TIM où l'investissement d'énergie dépend de la difficulté de la tâche et est modulé par la motivation potentielle, ici la récompense. Par ailleurs, Richter et al. (2021) ont montré que le besoin (i.e., motive) d'accomplissement externe influençait la mobilisation de ressources. Ce besoin d'accomplissement externe fait référence à un besoin conscient de tendre vers l'excellence. ...
L'objectif principal de cette thèse est d'étudier l’effort en fonction de la difficulté, sans prendre en compte la récompense, auprès d’individus ayant un diagnostic de schizophrénie. Contrairement à la littérature qui s’est basée majoritairement sur la théorie de la décision (i.e., la valeur d'une action dépend des valeurs des bénéfices et des efforts associées), nous nous sommes basés sur la théorie de l’intensité motivationnelle, permettant de faire des prédictions distinctes entre effort et récompense. Selon cette théorie et en accord avec le principe de conservation d’énergie, l’effort est principalement déterminé par la difficulté de la tâche. Les objectifs secondaires de ce travail étaient d'explorer la relation entre effort et symptômes négatifs, mais également les relations entre effort et variables psychologiques (e.g., humeur) et physique (e.g., IMC). A travers quatre études, nous avons exploré l’effort cognitif et physique, tant sur la composante objective (i.e., mobilisation de ressources) que sur la composante subjective (i.e., perception d’effort). De plus, nous avons exploré un exemple de conservation d’énergie, l’utilisation d’outil. La première étude portant sur l’effort cognitif a mis en évidence une dissociation entre effort objectif, évalué par l’activité cardiovasculaire sympathique, et effort subjective, mesuré par une échelle de Likert, dans le groupe schizophrénie : ce groupe mobilisait peu de ressources cognitives et avait de moins bonnes performances par rapport aux individus non-cliniques mais percevait avoir mis autant d’effort que ces derniers. La faible mobilisation de ressources cognitives était associée à la fatigue, facteur rarement étudié dans la schizophrénie qui pourtant semble avoir un impact majeur. Dans une deuxième étude, la perception de l’effort était significativement plus élevée dans la schizophrénie dans une tâche de marche, et accentuée par l’IMC. Dans une troisième étude, les deux groupes avaient des comportements de mobilisation de ressources physiques similaires : les individus avec schizophrénie mobilisaient des ressources physiques dans la tâche facile mais restaient également engager dans les tâches difficiles, comme les individus non-cliniques. Dans une quatrième étude, nous avons mis en évidence que les individus avec schizophrénie anticipaient une réduction d’effort en termes de temps associée à des actions d’utilisation d’outil de manière similaire aux individus non-cliniques. Dans la plupart de nos études, les prédictions de la TIM ont été retrouvées : l’effort était proportionnel à la difficulté de la tâche. De plus, aucune de nos quatre études avec des échantillons indépendants n’ont mis en évidence de lien entre l’effort et les symptômes négatifs. L’ensemble de nos résultats mettent en évidence que 1) les individus avec schizophrénie présentent des mécanismes liés à l’effort préservés quand celui-ci est indépendant de la récompense 2) il existe une perception anormale de l’effort cognitif et physique dans cette population clinique 3) l’absence de lien avec les symptômes négatifs en l’absence de récompense apportent des arguments en faveur de l’hypothèse de la sous-estimation de la valeur de la récompense pour expliquer en partie les liens entre l’effort et les difficultés motivationnelles dans la schizophrénie.
... All participants were informed about the general task structure before working on the task but participants in the clear-difficulty condition also received detailed information about the number of digits per trial and the presentation times. Following previous work that has used tasks with unclear difficulty (e.g., Brinkmann and Franzen, 2013;Franzen et al., 2019;Richter and Gendolla, 2009a;Richter et al., 2021), participants in the unclear-difficulty condition did not receive any specific information about task difficulty and were additionally informed that the number of digits and presentation times would vary randomly between trials to prevent participants from forming an impression about task difficulty. ...
Work on physiological and other behavioral correlates of motives often assumes that motives exert a direct effect on behavior once activated. Motivational intensity theory, however, suggests that this does not always apply. In the context of task engagement, motive strength should exert a direct effect on myocardial beta-adrenergic activity if task difficulty is unclear, but not if task difficulty is known. The presented study tested this prediction for the impact of the explicit achievement motive on myocardial beta-adrenergic activity—assessed as pre-ejection period (PEP) reactivity during task performance. Seventy-eight participants performed one of two versions of a mental arithmetic task. After having completed the achievement motive scale of the Personality Research Form, participants were either informed about the difficulty of the task or not before working on it. Participants' PEP reactivity during task performance provided evidence for the predicted moderating impact of clarity of task difficulty: PEP reactivity increased with increasing achievement motive strength if task difficulty was unclear, but not if it was clear. These findings demonstrate that the explicit achievement motive impact on myocardial beta-adrenergic activity is moderated by clarity of task difficulty and suggest that motive strength does not always translate into direct effects on physiology and behavior.
Background:
The shortage of nurses is a global problem. Increasing the level of work engagement is known to effectively reduce turnover rate among nursing staff. Strategies to improve work engagement based on the job demands-resources model may effectively improve nurses' job satisfaction and reduce staff turnover.
Purpose:
A job demands-resources model was used in this study to test the hypothesis that work engagement is affected by both external resources (professional nursing practice environment) and internal resources (self-efficacy and achievement motivation). In addition, the mediating role of self-efficacy and achievement motivation in the relationship between professional nursing practice environment and work engagement was also verified.
Methods:
A cross-sectional survey employing a convenience sampling design was implemented. Five hundred fifteen registered nurses were recruited from four tertiary hospitals in Chengdu, China, from January to June 2020. The Practice Environment Scale of the Nursing Work Index, General Self-Efficacy Scale, Achievement Motive Scale, and Utrecht Work Engagement Scale were used to measure the four variables.
Results:
The results of the structural equation model showed that the degree of fit for each index model was good, indicating that all of the three variables, including professional nursing practice environment, self-efficacy, and achievement motivation, directly affected work engagement. In addition, the variable professional nursing practice environment was found to indirectly influence work engagement through the partial mediation of self-efficacy and achievement motivation.
Conclusions:
The results may be used to guide health policymakers and nurse managers attempting to enhance the work engagement of nurses by providing a supportive working environment, improving the welfare mechanism, formulating a talent training plan, and fostering appropriate empowerment to improve the working environment, self-efficacy, and motivation in nurses.
Motives are traits of people that influence the way they perceive their environment. Motives provide the long-term energy for action, for example, in the domains of sport, exercise, and health. In this chapter we differentiate between implicit (nonconscious) and explicit (conscious) motives and describe three important motive themes—achievement, affiliation, and power—and their different effects on behavior in sports, exercise, and health settings. Standard indirect methods for measuring implicit motives are further introduced. Moreover, the motivational brain areas involved in implicit motivation processes as well as physiological associations with motive themes are briefly described. Finally, we illustrate consequences of implicit-explicit-motive (in)congruence for exercise and health behavior.KeywordsImplicitMotivePersonalitySportDispositionNonconsciousActionAchievementPowerAffiliationEffortAffectEmotionIndirectHormoneAssociative processingOperant
