Figure 3 - uploaded by Paul Cripps
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The subtle earthworks of field boundaries in arable land adjacent to Avebury Henge. © English Heritage; Source: Environment Agency copyright 2006
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... The 3D mesh was then placed into a virtual reflectance transformation imaging (RTI) 'studio' created in Autodesk Maya, which moved the light with each frame and rendered out an image using a similar technique as described elsewhere (Goskar and Earle 2010;Goskar and Cripps 2011). These were then calculated in RTI builder and compiled based on the principles laid out by Cultural Heritage Imaging (CHI) (Cultural Heritage Imaging 2013). ...
This paper presents the results of a photogrammetric survey of the rock art panel Tanum 247:1 in Kalleby, which revealed an entirely new boat that had previously been missed in a documentation history over 50 years long. Through the combined use of digital and traditional methods the results could be verified. It is therefore argued that collating documentations, both past and present, can help to create a better picture of Bronze Age rock art carvings. In addition to using new and traditional documentation methods together, panels should be recorded beyond what is known, both in terms of discovering unknown carvings, as well as creating better data for future researchers.
... In addition, the use of rendering in a three-dimensional and V-RTI environment eliminates errors resulting from inadequate lighting, its intensity, lens aberrations, renderings from 3D software are always sharp, allowing to obtain a properly reflected surface. Using V-RTI allows analysis of different types of surface, ranging from small elements through terrain with archaeological sites (Goskar and Cripps 2011), which is impossible with standard RTI due to the surface size. ...
Our paper focuses on modern techniques of documentation, such as photo-grammetry and laser scanning and later analysis in a virtual environment of the Ancestral Pueblo sites, with sandstone architecture and rock art that are located in several canyons of the central Mesa Verde region, southwestern Colorado, USA. All of the sites roughly date back to the 13th century A.D. and could have functioned as a community of allied sites. The research was conducted over the course of several seasons by the Sand Canyon-Castle Rock Community Archaeological Project led by the Institute of Archaeology at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków. The goal of digitising the Ancestral Puebloan sites was to accurately document and analyse the condition of preservation of the architectural features and rock art. The registered data have been used to generate accurate 2D documentation together with 3D models. The 3D models that were generated have also been used to interpret some barely visible details, for example of the petroglyphs, by varying the position of the light, with the use of Reflectance Transformation Imaging (RTI) software. Another element is the virtual three-dimensional models that we used in a game engine and Digital Elevation Model that encompasses the sites and the associated environment. Also, we briefly discuss the potential and the benefits and disadvantages of using specific methods in the field in the research area, mainly photogrammetry, laser scanning, and RTI analysis.
... The method has since strengthened and has expanded to other areas of cultural heritage. These include RTI examinations of forensics (Hamiel and Yoshida, 2007); classical text-based research (Earl et al., 2011); Egyptological examinations (Piquette, 2014); numismatics research (Mudge et al., 2005); rock art engravings (Diaz-Guardamino and Wheatley, 2013); daguerreotypes (Pagi et al., 2017); large statues (Miles et al., 2014); virtual computed tomography datasets (Miles et al., 2016); virtually recorded landscapes (Goskar and Cripps, 2010;Miles, 2016c); and in situ underwater cultural heritage (Selmo et al., 2017). ...
Contemporary rock art researchers have a wide choice of 3D laser scanners available to them for recording stone surfaces and this is complimented by numerous software packages that are able to process point cloud data. Though ESRI’s ArcGIS primarily handles geographical data, it also offers the ability to visualise XYZ data from a stone surface. In this article the potential of ArcGIS for rock art research is explored by focusing on 3D data obtained from two panels of cup and ring marks found at Loups’s Hill, County Durham, England. A selection of methods commonly utilised in LiDAR studies, which enhance the identification of landscape features, are also conducted upon the rock panels, including DSM normalisation and raster data Principle Component Analysis (PCA). Collectively, the visualisations produced from these techniques facilitate the identification of the rock art motifs, but there are limitations to these enhancements that are also discussed.
