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The subject field of personality psychology

The subject field of personality psychology

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The perpetual discussion of approaches and principles in the study of personality has been one of the notable trends of development of psychological science over many decades. The structural approach, based on the delineation of a person’s traits and characteristics, made an important contribution to various branches of psychology, but now the scie...

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... Personality has been of interest to psychologists, medical professionals, and philosophers for centuries [1]. Its definition, however, depends on the theoretical assumptions and popular beliefs of the researcher dealing with this concept [2]. ...
... In order to determine the intensity of personality traits in the examined population, the NEO-FFI personality inventory was used as it is a standardized tool for examining neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness [1,9]. ...
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Background: Personality traits are one of the major factors influencing the behavior and functioning of an individual, and they play a crucial role in the development of psychosomatic disorders and diseases. This paper aimed to evaluate the importance of personality traits in temporomandibular disorder (TMDs) development using the NEO-FFI Personality Inventory by Paul Costa and Robert McCrae (the Five-Factor Model of Personality, known as the Big Five). Moreover, the relationship between personality type and the intensity of dysfunctional changes in the stomatognathic system was assessed using the NEO-FFI Personality Inventory by Paul Costa and Robert McCrae (the Five-Factor Model of Personality, known as the Big Five). Material and methods: The study included a group of 75 adult participants (aged 19-52) with TMD diagnosed according to DC/TMD criteria and a control group of 75 participants without symptoms of dysfunction. The study consisted of a questionnaire and clinical study; the questionnaire included the NEO-FFI psychological questionnaire and a self-authored one. The clinical part consisted of extra- and intraoral dental examinations. Results: Participants who clenched their teeth showed a greater degree of conscientiousness than those who did not exhibit this symptom (p = 0.048). Presence of headaches was correlated with greater severity of neuroticism (p = 0.001). Moreover, participants with enamel cracks showed a lower intensity of extraversion (p = 0.039), and those with worn hard dental tissues showed a higher intensity of neuroticism (p = 0.03), a lower intensity of conscientiousness (p = 0.01), and a lower intensity of extroversion (p = 0.046). Acoustic symptoms during mandibular movements were found to be linked with a higher level of neuroticism (p = 0.020), a lower level of extraversion (p = 0.035), and a lower level of conscientiousness, whereas pain upon mandibular movements were linked to a lower level of conscientiousness (p = 0.025). Participants with pain upon palpation of the masticatory muscles showed a lower level of conscientiousness (p = 0.01) compared to those without pain symptoms. Episodes of mandibular blockage or problems with its adduction depend on the intensity of conscientiousness (p = 0.007). Moreover, people from the study group with high levels of neuroticism showed lower protrusion values (p = 0.016). Conclusion: The intensity of individual personality traits was found to be associated with some TMDs in comparison to healthy controls.
... Processuality of personality emphasizes not only its ability to move to new levels of functioning, it testifies to its ability to transform, generate new elements, change structurally and meaningfully, become more complex or reduced that is, constantly change in an infinite and indefinite set of options (Kostromina, 2019). The processual nature of personality is determined by immanent connection of variability and stability of personality, the essence of which is maintaining sustainability and wholeness of personality through permanent change (Kostromina et al., 2018). ...
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The article reveals the basic principles of the processual approach to the study of personality, which have a natural scientific foundation and are based on the ideas of the philosophy of instability of I. Prigogine. The developed processual approach is designed to overcome the opposition of variability and stability of personality, and to explain how the personality remains sustainable, being in constant change. This question, formulated by Mischel, continues to be debated in modern theoretical and methodological studies, maintaining the controversy between supporters of structural and dynamic paradigms of personality research. The significant role of the theory of non-equilibrium systems for understanding personality changeability is revealed in connection with explanation of its processual nature, when the leading role is played not by the variety of elements and their dynamics, but by self-organization of personality components. The processuality of personality determines its ability to move to new levels of functioning, to become more complex, to unpredictably change structurally and meaningfully in an infinite variety of options. The processual nature of personality focuses attention of a researcher on the potentially possible, when the object of research is not the existing, but the emerging. The methodological principles for describing the processual nature of personality are the principle of contextuality, revealing the sensitivity of its subsystems to fluctuations, the principle of multiplicity (uncertainty) of states, explaining the growth of non-adaptive forms and variability in critical situations and turning points, the principle of historicity, defining events as a starting point of imbalance and consistency, the principles of complementarity and wholeness, describing the dialectic of sustainability and changeability at different levels of functioning (three contexts of personality existence: situational, life and existential).
... These results contrast with our population, where the scores on the Agreeableness factor, which defines the willingness to provide emotional care, were low, as were the scores on the Conscientiousness factor, which expresses the innate capacity for interpersonal relationships, traits that are considered fundamental in a profession based on caring. After analyzing these results, two lines of action arise; on the one hand, re-evaluate this sample of students at the end of their undergraduate studies to check whether the changes derived from the personal evolution of the students (Caspi et al., 2005;Ferguson & Lievens 2017;Kool et, 2019;Kostromina & Grishina., 2018;Trillmich et al., 2018) or the training process itself (Fornes-Vives et al., 2016) might have shaped their personality traits. Also, the high scores reached in neuroticism factor could be dues to the students' high levels of anxiety, as indicated by other studies with nursing students (Fornes-Vives et al., 2016;Milić et al., 2019). ...
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Academic Engagement is defined as a psychological state of accomplishment and commitment to the task performed. Personality factors can help to understand why, some students show a positive mental state related to their studies and others show a lack of engagement. The aim of this study was to determine the personality characteristics of a sample of nursing students based on the Big Five model and to analyze the differences in engagement. The sample consisted of 90 nursing students. Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated, and a multivariate analysis of variance was performed. The results showed that the existence of engagement is positively associated with Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Openness, and negatively associated with the Neuroticism personality trait. The students classified in the first cluster, which was defined by a profile with high neuroticism and low scores on the rest of the personality traits, had a lower presence of engagement. In the second cluster, defined by low Neuroticism and high Extraversion, Agreeableness, Openness and Conscientiousness, the presence of engagement was higher. In conclusion, assessments of personality and engagement can be useful measurement tools to find out about students’ academic performance and be able to carry out strategies aimed at preventing the consequences of academic stress in the most vulnerable students.
... In two commentaries, Kostromina and Grishina (2018) and Mironenko (2018) offered constructive thoughts and questions in response to an article by Giordano (2018, Culture & Psychology, 23, 502-518) on the merits of an approach to understanding individual personality that focuses on the processes rather than structures of personality. In this reply, the authors seek to clarify some of the points made in the original article. ...
... In this article, we respond to some of the excellent points raised by Kostromina and Grishina (2018) and by Mironenko (2018). Their work has helped us understand where some of our ideas are not clearly articulated and also where it appears we have differences of perspective. ...
... This is a challenging task, to which we turn our attention later in this reply. Kostromina and Grishina's (2018) primary critique of the Giordano (2017) article centers on the use of the terms Being and Becoming in describing two different ontological worldviews. Kostromina and Grishina reject the counterposition of these ontologies and question the utility of connecting a static personality structure with a Being ontology. ...
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In two commentaries, Kostromina and Grishina (2018) and Mironenko (2018) offered constructive thoughts and questions in response to an article by Giordano (2018, Culture & Psychology, 23, 502–518) on the merits of an approach to understanding individual personality that focuses on the processes rather than structures of personality. In this reply, the authors seek to clarify some of the points made in the original article. The authors also describe a personality process-structure duality, whereby personality is conceptualized in terms of processes or structures based on the methods used to study it. If the goal is to understand the dynamic and emergent properties of individual personality, the authors continue to argue for the merits of a process-centric approach and the avoidance of structural thinking.
Chapter
Political correctness as a part of the EU’s “gender equality programme” is a concept that describes language, ideas, policies, behaviour allegedly aimed at minimizing social and/or institutional abuse in professional life, gender, race, culture, sexual orientation, religious belief, disability, or age. Political correctness is a concept that is aimed at reconstructing language and way of thinking. These assumptions are poorly accepted in diaspora societies with different attitude towards gender, social justice and political rights. In the chapter, I describe my sociological research of accepting norms of political correctness by the Western societies and diasporas living in the EU. One can arrange the societies in the following row: Muslim diasporas → Chinese diaspora → Indian diaspora → Western-type societies, according to the decrease in intensity of rejection/unacceptance of political correctness standards. The less the acceptance of political correctness standards, the less political correctness influences gender behavioural patterns in the society. Gender behaviour is weakly correlated with political correctness or uncorrelated at all in Asian / African ethnic and religious diasporas living in the EU. Members of the Chinese, Indian and different Muslim diasporas tend to reject political correctness, whereas the title West European nationalities mainly agree with its norms. Therefore, we may make two conclusions. 1. The EU’s gender equality programme that contains a set of political correctness standards is problematized in the three diasporas studied, especially in different Muslim diasporas. 2. To incorporate these diasporas in the EU’s unified society and avoid their forming internal boundaries (ideological, geographical, financial, business, etc.) within the EU, imposing the norms of political correctness on the members of these diasporas in politics, business, social life or any other activity by the EU’s ruling bodies is strongly discouraged.
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Может ли быть решен «классический парадокс личности», сформулированный У. Мишелом? В статье обсуждаются идеи постнеклассической науки для объяснения устойчивости и изменчивости как взаимодополняющих свойств личности. Личность как открытая сложная саморазвивающаяся система обладает всеми признаками неравновесности. Нестабильность и множественность состояний, их непредсказуемость и необратимость обнажают текучесть (непрерывное постоянное, последовательное изменение) внутреннего содержания личности и подчеркивают ее процессуальную природу. В такой структуре все происходящие изменения необратимы, носят вероятностный характер, определяются чувствительностью к флуктуациям, множественностью потенциальных состояний и процессами самодетерминации. Процессуальность личности раскрывает не только ее способность к переходу на новые уровни функционирования, она свидетельствует и об ее способности преобразовываться, порождать новые элементы, изменяться структурно и содержательно, усложняться и редуцироваться, то есть постоянно меняться в бесконечном и неопределенном множестве вариантов. Поэтому изменчивость личности не есть оппозиция устойчивости. Изменчивость есть оппозиция статичности. Усложнение системы личности, то есть наращивание новых уровней организации, сопровождается изменением ее пространственно-временной конструкции. Каждая возникшая ступень функциональной организации личности – период ее устойчивости (структурной упорядоченности) – несет в себе «зародыш» дальнейшего изменения. Любое последующее изменение ведет к возрастанию сложности структуры и уровней организации личности и, следовательно, к росту ее устойчивости. Взаимосвязь этих тенденций (устойчивости и изменчивости) служит основанием для развития процессуального подхода в психологии личности, суть которого – сохранение устойчивости через постоянное изменение. Процессуальный подход ориентирован на изучение потенции системы личности к образованию новых структур. Фокус исследования в процессуальном подходе смещается на потенциально возможное, а объектом исследования выступает не существующее, а возникающее.
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Objective Impulsivity impacts life domains and in a psychiatric context is often associated with disorders severity and stigmatization. Borderline personality disorder's (BPD), Schizophrenic disorder's (SZD), and obsessional compulsive disorder's (OCD) impulsivity issues relate to worse prognosis. This study aims to compare these disorders assessing their proneness to impulsivity and urgency. Methods We recruited 90 patients among them OCD (n = 25), SZD (n = 23), and BPD (n = 50), and 24 healthy control participants (HC). We assessed the diagnosis according and measured the impulsivity level. Results Our results showed that BPD was significantly more impulsive than HC, SZD, and OCD. HC, SZD, and OCD being equivalent on their global Urgency‐Premeditation‐Perseverance‐Sensation seeking scores. For urgency, BPD was also superior to others, OCD was superior to HC, but SZD and HC were equivalent. The urgency was correlated to SZD's scale for SZD, no link appeared between borderline personality questionnaire and Yale‐Brown Obsessive‐Compulsive Scale's score. Conclusion These results question the existent literature relating impulsivity and SZD.
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Background. The study of personality, particularly the investigation of individual personality, remains a thorny issue in psychological science. Many personality studies utilize aggregated data to make comparative statements about groups of persons. Though important for group comparisons, this body of research neglects a careful examination of individual personality. Objective. To enhance psychologists’ understanding of individual personality process and variation. Results and conclusion. This theoretical article suggests two strategies to augment the exploration of individual personality. First, our understanding of individual personality will be enhanced if personality psychologists broaden their research activities to include strategies that lead to a better understanding of individuals rather than groups. These efforts include both qualitative approaches and person-specific quantitative analyses that target individual process and variation. Second, personality psychologists should actively seek greater cultural sensitivity via interdisciplinary collaborations. In particular, the conceptual resources of comparative philosophy and the study of cultural ontological traditions will enhance the ability of personality psychologists to scientifically track the process and variation of individual personality. To this end, the article examines the structural ontology of the West and contrasts it with the process (event based) ontology of the East, showing how these ontological traditions continue to shape the discourse of personality psychology. The article also considers the oneness hypothesis, the world view that all persons (and personalities), creatures, and things are relationally bound together, a viewpoint distinct from the Western value of autonomy and self-sufficiency. As a conceptual resource, the oneness hypothesis derives from a process ontology and has important implications for understanding individual personalities and their place in the social world.
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Background. In psychology, analyzing the problem of personality is closely connected with the search for a methodology to describe personality in all its diversity. The dispositional approach, which is based on identifying stable personality traits, has resulted today in the dominance of a structural-functional approach. It has the advantage that it allows comparative analysis and the juxtaposition of specific personality character- istics inherent in the underlying construct, but it also has the limitation that it is inadequate for the study of personality as a dynamic structure, one capable of changing as the world around it changes. Objective. To analyze and systematize the empirical studies of recent years in the field of personality psychology in order to identify and describe the principal trends in the study of the phenomenology of personality, reflecting distinctive features of hu- man existence in the modern world. Design. The method of research included a meta-analysis of reports (N = 1,149) from three European conferences on personality: the 17th European Conference on Personality (2014), Lausanne, Switzerland; the 18th European Conference on Person- ality (2016), Romania; the 19th European Conference on Personality (2018), Zadar, Croatia. We also describe the changeability of personality characteristics in the context of the individual’s life, on the basis of meta-analytical databases compiled by Roberts et al. (2006) and Wrzus et al. (2016). Results. The results demonstrate the continuing domination of structural methodology in empirical studies of personality, despite the criticism to which it has been subjected. However, the number of studies of various aspects of dynamic personality processes is growing. Research reflecting the phenomenology of everyday life is ex- panding, as studies of daily human behavior, life events, and life situations are increasing proportionally. Researchers’ attention is being drawn to diverse contexts of life: the environment, culture, relationships. Data collection technologies are changing: Digital devices enable information about personality to be obtained online, tracking all the diversity of personality in different situations, its changeability and dynamism. Metadata indicate the changeability of personality traits that have long been considered stable: extraversion, emotional stability, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and agreeableness. The dynamics of personality traits are essentially determined by the context of a person’s life and vary depending on changes in that life. The continuity of these changes is processual and does not fit into the structural approach. Conclusion. Modern personality psychology has contradictory trends. On the one hand, especially in empirical research, the traditional structural-functional paradigm for describing the personality remains influential, while attempts are made to improve it in response to criticism. On the other hand, an increasing number of studies are devoted to the study of real people in the real world, confronting the challenges of a changing world. A growing amount of empirical data describing the dynamic personality, changing in time and space, necessitates theoretical understanding and the search for a methodology relevant to the study of the changing personality.