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The study area map depicts the Nhue-Day River basin as well as sampling locations. Closed red dots represent river sampling locations, while open green dots represent aquaculture pond locations.
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Toxic metal pollution influences the lives of diverse aquatic organisms and humans who consume contaminated aquatic products. However, its potential impacts on aquatic organism health and, thus, ecological health, have been neglected in many regions. This research was carried out to contribute to filling that knowledge gap. Three freshwater fish sp...
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... study area is located along the Nhue River, from Hanoi Capital (Site 1, at the confluence with the Red River) to Ha Nam Province (Site 2, at the confluence with the Day River) and downstream of the Day River in Ninh Binh Province (Site 3, at the confluence with the Hoang Long River) and Nam Dinh Province (Site 4, after the confluence with the Nam Dinh River). This region is in the northern plains at 20°-21°20′ north latitude and 105 o -106 o 30′ east longitude (Figure 1). To achieve the stated research objectives, an average of 38 water and 30 fish samples from each season were collected from the rivers (24 locations) and aquaculture ponds (18 locations) at four study sites during four seasons between 2013 and 2014: spring (April), summer (July), autumn (September), and winter (December). ...
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... Due to its importance as a water source for the socio-economic development of this region of Vietnam, previous research has examined certain aspects of water quality in the Day River. For example, studies have been conducted on microplastic contamination [39], heavy metal concentrations [37,40], nutrients and eutrophication and/or phytoplankton development [41,42], the partial pressure of CO 2 (pCO 2 ) and its relationships with biotic and abiotic factors [43], or the seasonal distribution of bacterial communities and antibioticresistant genes [44]. However, the concentrations of pharmaceuticals, an important emerging pollutant known to have an adverse impact on water quality, ecological communities and human health, have up to now been ignored in this economically important river. ...
... The Day River is an important water source for irrigation, livestock farming, aquaculture, industrial production, domestic water supply, and transport for the population of Hanoi city and four provinces (Ha Nam, Nam Dinh, Hoa Binh, and Ninh Binh) [40]. The river is also used for drainage and forms part of a flood protection system [38]. ...
I corrected the author names and author orders as presented in the published paper.
... Although no significant Zn accumulation in animal tissues is expected, Zn is able to cause significant molecular and cellular adverse outcomes in a wide range of water habitants. It has been shown in a wide range of organisms that a heightened level of Zn in the environmental milieu is followed by the appearance of oxidative stress determined as higher levels of lipid peroxidation and reactive oxygen species overproduction, mitochondrial dysfunction, immune disorders, apoptosis, and depletion of energy reserves [7,104,117,118]. ...
Water pollution is a pressing global issue significantly affecting ecosystem health, biodiversity, and human well-being. While numerous studies have concentrated on toxic metals like cadmium, lead, and mercury, essential metals such as copper and zinc often receive less attention. This review focuses on the distribution and occurrence of copper and zinc in surface water, their accumulation in freshwater organisms, and potential strategies for mitigating the environmental pressure caused by these metals. Zinc concentrations in uncontaminated freshwater usually range from 3 to 12 μg∙L−1 and form low-bioavailable hydroxo-complexes that are especially stable in weak alkaline water. The zinc concentration trend globally is Europe > Africa > Asia > South America > North America. Conversely, copper concentrations vary from 0.2 to 5.5 µg∙L−1, with the order being Asia > Africa > South America > North America > Europe. Humic substances are the likely predominant ligands for copper in these environments. The accumulation of copper and especially zinc in freshwater animals may not be a reliable indicator of metal pollution due to potential metabolic regulation. Bioremediation approaches, including phytoremediation and biosorption using plants and microorganisms, show promise in addressing water contamination. Future research should emphasize advanced bioremediation methods, emission reduction strategies, and refined modeling techniques to predict pollution trends and evaluate remediation effectiveness.
... It is not surprising that increased blood glucose levels are a general stress response in fish [11]. Under metal stress, three freshwater fish species (common carp (Cyprinus carpio), silver carp (Hypothalmic molitrix), and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)) in the Nhue-Day River basin, Vietnam, demonstrated high energy demand (alteration in glycogen reserves, protein catabolism, changes in the activity of antioxidant enzymes to provide tolerance to oxidative stressors) [61]. For example, Cu exposure can disturb the normal processes of lipid metabolism and affect the initial stages of the TCA cycle; the lipid content, activities of lipogenic enzymes, and isocitrate dehydrogenase activity were reduced in the liver of juvenile yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco [62]. ...
Metals are dispersed in natural environments, particularly in the aquatic environment, and accumulate, causing adverse effects on aquatic life. Moreover, chronic polymetallic water pollution is a common problem, and the biological effects of exposure to complex mixtures of metals are the most difficult to interpret. In this review, metal toxicity is examined with a focus on its impact on energy metabolism. Mechanisms regulating adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production and reactive oxygen species (ROS) emission are considered in their dual roles in the development of cytotoxicity and cytoprotection, and mitochondria may become target organelles of metal toxicity when the transmembrane potential is reduced below its phosphorylation level. One of the main consequences of metal toxicity is additional energy costs, and the metabolic load can lead to the disruption of oxidative metabolism and enhanced anaerobiosis.
... tubules in S. exigua larvae at a dosage of 44 μg/g in the first generation had lower activity than control and then increased in the second generation (Kafel et al., 2003). One of the reasons for the high activity of GST can be the high accumulation of heavy metals, such as Cd (Ngo et al., 2022). ...
Although copper is an essential element for any organism’s well-being, it becomes toxic if present in excess. In the present study, copper was provisioned at 25, 50, and 75 mg/kg in an artificial diet and fed to juvenile larvae of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera; Noctuidae), for 4 generations. The results of this investigation exhibited shortening of larval life in the first 2 generations, but extended duration was observed in third and fourth generations compared to controls, and dietary copper caused reduced total hemocyte counts in all treatments. The number of immunocytes (i.e., granulocytes and plasmatocytes) were also significantly reduced. The changes in activities of certain important enzymes, including catalase, superoxide dismutase, and peroxidases, were seen. Furthermore, after treatment, an increase in the activity of 2 detoxifying enzymes, glutathione s-transferase and acetylcholinesterase, was observed. It is clear that metallothioneins are important in maintaining essential and nonessential metal ion homeostasis. While copper is typically regarded as an important essential metal in an organism’s life, excessive amounts can have deteriorating effects. This heavy metal is being used as a nano-based pesticide. Therefore, the present investigation aims to determine the fate of Cu in insects receiving them in new formulations.
... Heavy metals pollution influences the lives of diverse aquatic organisms and humans who consume contaminated aquatic products. However, its potential impacts on aquatic organism health and, thus, ecological health, have been neglected in many regions [1]. Chemical and solid waste discharges by industries, oil spills, untreated sewage and urban run-off are responsible by contamination of rivers and oceans compromising all the entire aquatic ecosystem [2][3][4]. ...
Environmental pollution is one of today's main ecological and social concerns. Among these pollutants are the heavy metals present in the burning of fossil fuels, mining, smelting of metallic minerals, fertilizers and pesticides. Billions of tons of heavy metals are emitted every year from industrial chimneys and sewers, contaminating the hydrosphere and polluting rivers, lakes and seas. In this context, freshwater fish are the most affected due to their proximity to the source of contamination and are therefore used as bioindicators in assessing environmental impact following exposure to metals. However, our understanding of the effects of heavy metals on detoxification organs - such as the liver and gills - in freshwater fish in situ is still limited. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review to determine the main changes and mechanisms involved in morphological modifications in the liver and gills of cichlid fish following exposure to heavy metals in situ. Based on a structured search, 36 original articles were selected from the PubMed and SCOPUS databases. The selection of studies and the identification of duplicates were identified by Rayyan, and the study selection process was presented in the PRISMA statement diagram. Bias analysis was carried out using the Software Review Mananger (RevMan) 5.3, from the Cochrane Collaboration. Thirty-six studies were selected which showed negative effects attributed to environmental contamination by heavy metals, ranging from bioaccumulation to morphophysiological alterations. Almost all the heavy metals analyzed were found in the liver and gill tissues, especially cadmium, copper, lead, zinc, iron and manganese. In view of the continuous morphophysiological changes identified in the liver and gill studies, it is possible to state that bioaccumulation analyses, combined with these configurations, are emerging as crucial tools for assessing and guiding environmental monitoring. This approach aims not only to preserve but also to strengthen the integrity of the aquatic ecosystem and the ichthyofauna.
... Furthermore, the present study revealed significantly higher TP levels in all exposed groups compared to the control group, particularly in the groups exposed to Cr (VI) at concentrations of 0.5, 2.0, and 2.5 mg/L. Our findings align with those reported by Ngo et al. (2022), who demonstrated that exposure to lead and cadmium adversely affected TP levels. In contrast, Zahedi et al. (2013) subjected Acipenser persicus larvae to a concentration of 0.68 mg/L Cd for a duration of 15 days but observed no significant alteration in serum TP. ...
The contamination of toxic heavy metals in aquatic environments has garnered significant global attention due to its detrimental effects on marine organisms and human health. Hexavalent chromium is a typical environmental and occupational heavy metal pollutant, identified as carcinogenic heavy metal. This study aimed to assess the impact of different Cr (VI) concentrations (0.05-2.5 mg/L) on Urechis unicinctus (U. unicinctus) by investigating bioaccumulation, antioxidant defense system, expression of resistance-related genes, and histological issues. A clear concentration-effect relationship was observed in the bioaccumulation of Cr (VI) in muscle tissues of U. unicinctus. Moreover, exposure to Cr (VI) can alter the activities of lysozyme (LSZ), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) to enhance cellular defense mechanisms in U. unicinctus. Likewise, maintained the normal protein structure and functional stability by regulating protein folding. The heat shock cognitive protein (HSC70) gene showed an upward and then downward trend after Cr (VI) exposure. At 12 h, the HSC70 gene expression reached the maximum values of 4.75 and 4.61-fold in the 0.1 and 1.5 mg/L groups, respectively. The organism produced a large number of free radicals, and an elevated level of metallothionein (MT) was used to scavenge free radicals and alleviate oxidative stress. Additionally, histopathological examination revealed disorganization in the midgut, atrophic changes in intestinal connective tissue, uneven distribution in respiratory tissues, and irregular shape with a significant reduction in epithelial cells within the gastric cavity. These findings can serve as a valuable reference for elucidating the toxicity mechanisms of heavy metals towards marine benthic organisms and enhancing water environment monitoring strategies.
... tubules in S. exigua larvae at a dosage of 44 μg/g in the first generation had lower activity than control and then increased in the second generation (Kafel et al., 2003). One of the reasons for the high activity of GST can be the high accumulation of heavy metals, such as Cd (Ngo et al., 2022). ...
A detailed effect of continuous exposure of Cd on an important pest of crops like Helicoverpa armigera is lacking in the current literature. The cadmium was provisioned at 1.25, 2.5 and 5 mg/kg in the artificial diet and fed to newly hatched larvae for at least three subsequent generations. The total developmental period and fecundity were severely affected with no larval hatching in treated insects. Total haemocyte count and differential haemocyte count (i.e., granulocytes and plasmatocytes) were decreased significantly compared to controls in treated insects. The antioxidant system (i.e., catalase, glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase), and the two detoxifying agents glutathione‐s‐transferase showed increased activity compared to controls. The results of the acetylcholinesterase assay showed a decrease in activity. Increased rate of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, uric acid and decreased rate of alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase in the first generation but showing an increasing trend in next two generations. The acid phosphatase activity was increased in the first two generations but significantly reduced in the third generation. The discrepancy in all physiological activities corresponded with the histological study of midgut infrastructure. It is inferred from the obtained results that cadmium continuous exposure affects every system of any organism that may perform irreparable damages.
... These studies have reported that exposure to heavy metals is also manifested by changes in physiological and biochemical parameters in blood and also in fish tissues. Biochemical parameters such as total proteins and glucose levels, which were also investigated in the present study, are widely used as markers of water pollution (Ullah et al., 2021;Ngo et al., 2022). jms.mabjournal.com ...
... Contaminated water causes not only morphological changes and damage to the function of gills but also biochemical changes. (Strzyzewska, 2016;Shah et al., 2020;Ngo et al., 2022) In this research, the level of proteins in all three organs decreased after exposure to heavy metals. Oxidative stress caused by heavy metals might have led to changes in protein metabolic processes, promoting protein catabolism. ...
... Then, the free amino acids can be mobilized to meet the body's additional energy requirements. The findings of this research are in line with the findings of research done on fish by Pretto et al., 2014 andUllah et al., 2021;Ngo et al., 2022. The level of total proteins shows more pronounced changes in the liver compared to the gills and muscles. ...
The present study was undertaken to investigate the antioxidant activity of vitamins C and E singly and together in modulating levels of Malondialdehyde (MDA), total protein, and glucose in different organs (gills, liver, & muscles) and plasma of common carp exposed to heavy metals (Pb, Cd, & Hg). The division of fish into two groups (control group and experimental group) was done after acclimatization. Seven days after exposure to heavy metals, the results showed a significant increase in the level of MDA in all organs of the experimental group (B) compared to those of the control group (A). Metal exposure caused a significant increase in the level of glucose in the liver and plasma (group B), while in muscles and gills, it caused a decrease in the amount of glucose (group B). Heavy metals have caused a slight decrease in total protein (gills, liver, & muscles). Seven days after exposure, the fish were split into three groups: one group was fed with vitamin C, another group with vitamin E, and the third group was fed with both vitamins (C & E). Results show that the addition of vitamins C and E as a food supplement resulted in the restitution of MDA and glucose values similar to those of the control group in all three investigated organs. But in terms of the amount of total protein, the results show that the addition of vitamins (C, E, & C+E) could not restore these values. Otherwise, in most cases, these two vitamins (C & E) administered together have shown more ameliorative effects than in the case of separate administration.
... Copper is necessary in small amounts for the synthesis of hemoglobin and is a major component of many enzymes in fish, but when the accumulated level exceeds the metabolic requirement, it becomes toxic to the tissues (Oliva et al., 2012). Similarly, Ngo et al. (2022) reported a decrease in GST activity in the copper-rich hepatic tissue of Oreochromis niloticus collected from the Nhue-Day River basin, Vietnam (Ngo et al., 2022). Besides GST, the GR enzyme could be responsible for the oxidative stress tolerance and cellular protection against oxidative damage, especially when other defense systems are not efficient (Crupkin and Menone, 2013). ...
... Copper is necessary in small amounts for the synthesis of hemoglobin and is a major component of many enzymes in fish, but when the accumulated level exceeds the metabolic requirement, it becomes toxic to the tissues (Oliva et al., 2012). Similarly, Ngo et al. (2022) reported a decrease in GST activity in the copper-rich hepatic tissue of Oreochromis niloticus collected from the Nhue-Day River basin, Vietnam (Ngo et al., 2022). Besides GST, the GR enzyme could be responsible for the oxidative stress tolerance and cellular protection against oxidative damage, especially when other defense systems are not efficient (Crupkin and Menone, 2013). ...
In the last decades, increased intakes of contaminants and the habitats' destruction have produced drastic changes in the aquatic ecosystems. The environmental contaminants can accumulate in aquatic organisms, leading to the disturbance of the antioxidant/prooxidant balance in fish. In this context, we evaluated the level of organic, inorganic and microbiological pollutants in four leisure lakes (Chitila, Floreasca, Tei and Vacaresti) from Bucharest, the largest city of Romania, in order to compare their effects on hepatopancreas and gills metabolism and antioxidant defense mechanisms in Carassius gibelio, the most known and widespread freshwater fish in this country. The lowest level of oxidative stress was recorded in the case of fish collected from the Vacaresti lake, a protected wetland area where aquatic organisms live in wild environmental conditions. In contrast, significant oxidative changes were observed in the hepatopancreas and gills of fish from the Chitila, Floreasca and Tei lakes, such as reduced glutathione S-transferase activity and glutathione level, and increased degree of lipid peroxidation, being correlated with elevated levels of pesticides (such as 2,4'-methoxychlor) and Escherichia coli load in these organs. Although different patterns of pollutants' accumulation were observed, no important interindividual variations in cytosine methylation degree were determined. In conclusion, the presence and concentrations of metals, pesticides and antibiotics varied with the analyzed tissue and sampling site, and were correlated with changes in the cellular redox homeostasis, but without significantly affecting the epigenetic mechanisms.
... Damage to the circulatory system and nervous tissue is also recorded in human due to chromium toxicity. Cr in the presence of other metals has been shown to increase glycogen levels in numerous organs that are stressed due to metal exposure (Ngo et al., 2022). ...
Heavy metals have a high density that is harmful even in low quantity. These metals enter aquatic habitats through various sources, home effluents, including industrial waste, atmospheric sources, and other metal-based businesses, as well as E-Waste. Heavy metal pollution is responsible for degenerating aquatic species, creating physical abnormalities in creatures and contaminating the aquatic environment. These poisonous heavy metals cause a variety of fish ailments like decrease in hatching rate, teratogenesis and bioaccumulation in the tissues etc. The contamination of heavy metals in aquatic bodies and ecosystems has a significant influence on the food chain. Because fish people consume fish, it has an indirect impact on their health. These heavy metals also have a higher impact on the environment because they remain for longer periods and have bio-accumulative capabilities, leading water health to deteriorate. This study offers insight into the disruption of fish and human physiology, their reproductive ability by heavy metals. This review provides baseline data on the heavy metals and aquatic environment, especially fish and human health. The data will increase sensitivity to preventing and managing aquatic environmental pollution, particularly heavy metal contamination.