The stability of the coexisting fixed point E 3 is demonstrated using parameter values from table (1)

The stability of the coexisting fixed point E 3 is demonstrated using parameter values from table (1)

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This paper examines a discrete predator-prey model that incorporates prey refuge and its detrimental impact on the growth of the prey population. Age structure is taken into account for predator species. Furthermore, juvenile hunting as well as prey counter-attack are also considered. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the existence an...