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Incineration is widely adopted in modern waste management because it provides an effective way to minimize municipal solid waste that needs to be disposed of in landfills. The ash residue is often disposed by landfilling. Alternatively, the incineration ash may be recycled and reused for various applications. The crucial issues, however, are the le...
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Background
The start-up of the Turin municipal solid waste incineration plant (2013) was accompanied by surveillance of health effects, which included a human biomonitoring campaign. Here we present the results of the risk perception survey of local residents before the plant went into operation.
Methods
The survey sample was 394 local residents:...
In this study, we valorize the use of Ensis siliqua shell powder (ESSP) as a biosorbent to remove Cu(II), Zn(II) and Ni(II) ion from aqueous solutions. A batch scale experiment for different mass doses of biosorbent in different concentrations of metal ions was carried out. The sorption characteristic of the biosorbent was studied under various exp...
Citations
... Currently, secure landfills and incineration are the two widely used methods for waste disposal worldwide [2]. Compared with secure landfills, incineration can effectively minimize waste mass and volume by 70% and 90%, respectively, and recover energy in the form of heat and electricity [3,4]. In China, the quantity of incinerated municipal solid waste increased from 46.3 million metric tons in 2013 to 101.8 million metric tons in 2018 [5]. ...
Corundum–mullite refractory material is an important material in rotary kiln incinerators due to its excellent properties, e.g., high temperature stability and chemical resistance, etc. However, in the process of use, the complexity of the sintering process will inevitably produce a large amount of spent corundum–mullite refractory material. Therefore, it is important to study the failure mechanism of corundum–mullite refractory material to prolong its service life. In this manuscript, the scrapping mechanism for the corundum–mullite refractory material was studied by XRD, XPS, SEM-EDS, FTIR, etc. The results indicate that chemical corrosion caused by impurity elements, such as Fe, Ca, Mg, Ti, etc., is one of the important scrapping mechanisms. The corundum structure remains stable throughout the service life, while mullite exhibits the opposite phenomenon. The Al-O-Si bonds in the mullite structure are depolymerized by impurity elements to release free tetrahedral structures, including the [AlO4] tetrahedron and [SiO4] tetrahedron. In the intervention of iron, the free tetrahedra, including [AlO4], [FeO4], and [SiO4] can bond with each other by sharing bridging oxygen (BO), probably forming Fe-O(BO)-Si, Fe-O(BO)-Al, and Al-O(BO)-Si in an Al2O3-SiO2-Fe2O3-MexOy (Me = Ca, Mg, Ti, etc.)-based amorphous phase. These findings provide theoretical support for prolonging the service life of refractory materials in rotary kiln incinerators.
... The BA composes 80 wt.% of the total MSW incineration residues, and the mass ratio to FA is 4:1 to 5:1 [14]. Typically, both ash types comprise CaO and SiO 2 , Al, Fe, Mg, Na, K, and Cl compounds [15,16], along with potentially toxic elements such as Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Hg, and Pb [17]. ...
Unlike municipal solid waste bottom ash (MSWBA), fly ash (MSWFA) is landfilled due to its toxicity. However, MSWFA may also be a source of elements. Ash samples collected from a Portuguese MSW incinerator from different locations and over six months were analyzed. Their geochemical composition was normalized to the upper continental crust (UCC) and compared since metal enrichment may be used as an indicator for potential recovery. The potential recovery economic viability was also assessed for metals K, Sb, Cu, Pb, and Zn, considering the ore cut-off grade and minimum industrial grade (MIG) from Chinese geological and mineral industry standards. Compared to the global samples, only the Baghouse 1 FA size fraction’s coarse fraction showed a slight enrichment (1- to 5-fold) in Bi, Nb, and Zr. After wet sieving, most trace elements were enriched in all fractions, but Sb, Bi, Pb, Zn, Ag, As, Cd, Sn, Se, and Hg were depleted in the coarse fractions and enriched in the fine ones. For Baghouse 1 samples collected over 6 months, the normalization to the UCC showed enrichment of Zn and Pb between 10× and 50×, Zr, Cu, In, and Se between 50× and 100×, and Ag, Mn, Cd, Sb, and Bi at more than 100×. Over six months, the Baghouse 1 FA soluble fraction ranged between 21 wt.% and 30 wt.%, and its precipitates comprised 27% CaO, 6% Na2O, and 9% K2O. The K concentration in the MSWFA was above the cut-off and the MIG, and K could be concentrated in precipitates via simple washing.
... The generation of municipal solid waste (MSW) has become a significant challenge for the environmental field due to the growing global population, accelerating economic development, and urbanization [1,2]. In China, MSW is primarily managed through three methods: incineration, landfill, and composting [3,4]. ...
This paper utilizes the waste bunker of a waste incineration plant as the analysis model. It analyzes the airflow characteristics under various unloading door opening states and the air flow velocity through CFD simulation. The simulation analysis results show that when one unloading door is opened, it is recommended to adjust the opening amplitude or set an air outlet to optimize the airflow distribution. If two unloading doors are opened, it is advised to prioritize the two middle unloading doors (M4, M5) or the two rightmost doors (M7, M8). Furthermore, the exhaust port located relatively far from the unloading door should be closed to reduce the turbulence of the airflow. When all unloading doors are opened, the air flow velocity at the unloading door needs to be increased to achieve an efficient exhaust effect and prevent negative pressure problems at low speed. The results offer theoretical support for odor control technologies and provide valuable design recommendations for air outlets and unloading doors in municipal waste incineration plants. Additionally, this study proposes optimization strategies and effective solutions for addressing odor pollutant diffusion in waste incineration facilities.
... Heavy metal leaching tests were conducted using an adapted version of the procedure for determining toxic substance leaching according to European standard EN 12457-2 [39,40]. The Cd, Hg, Pb, Cr, As, Zn, and Cu concentrations of the powdered raw materials, fresh-state slurry, and hardened slurry were evaluated separately. ...
To solve the problem of environmental pollution from stockpiling of solid waste and to achieve safe and efficient underground engineering, an environment-friendly waste-based ternary geopolymer grout was developed using blast furnace slag, sunflower stalk ash, and black rice hull ash. KOH-activated grouts were used as the controls. The applicability of grouts with different sunflower stalk ash additions was also investigated. The results showed that the 28-day compressive strength of sunflower stalk ash-activated grout reached 24.31 MPa, which exceeded that of the control group by 163.7%. Potassium and calcium salts, such as fairchildite and magnesium potassium silicate, in sunflower stalk ash promoted the formation of C(K)–A–S–H and C–S–H gels. The carbon emissions calculated from global warming potential in the life cycle assessment of the sunflower stalk ash system were 83.5% lower than those of KOH. The leaching results showed that the concentration of all heavy metals dropped below 0.02 mg/L after 28 days of solidification. The immobilization efficiencies of Cr, Pb, and Zn exceeded 98.65%, indicating the considerable immobilization ability of the sunflower stalk ash-activated grout and that it can be used safely in further applications. These findings provide support for the development of environmentally friendly alkali activator and the preparation of high performance engineering materials.
Graphical Abstract
... Consequently, many studies aimed to determine these IBA-attributes, (e.g. Alam et al., 2019;del Valle-Zermeño et al., 2017;Dugenest et al., 1999;Huber et al., , 2020Huber et al., 2021;Loginova et al., 2019;Morf et al., 2013;Muchova et al., 2009;Seniunaite and Vasarevicius, 2017;Vateva and Laner, 2020;Wei et al., 2011), which are summarised and analyzed in different review articles (Abdullah et al., 2019;Astrup et al., 2016;Blasenbauer et al., 2020;Luo et al., 2019;. These works mainly address IBA from MSW-fed grate incinerators (GI), but less from MSW-fed fluidized bed combustors (FBC). ...
Austria's mixed municipal solid waste (MSW) contains several hundred thousand tons of waste that should be collected separately as a recyclable fraction. This recyclable waste is lost during residual waste treatment, as most of it is incinerated. Only metals are partially recovered during pre-treatment or from incineration residues.Simultaneously, the EU defined recycling targets for various waste materials. Austria is approaching or has already achieved most of these targets. However, significant increases are necessary for some materials – especially plastic packaging. This study investigates how recyclable materials can be recovered more efficiently from mixed MSW and incineration residues to further increase recycling rates, approach closing material cycles, and reduce the need for landfill materials.Hence, two areas of mixed MSW treatment are being investigated: the recovery of recyclable materials through automated sorting and the utilization options for bottom ash from waste incineration.The first part is addressed by analyzing mechanical treatment plants. These investigations include regular sampling and characterization of selected material flows as well as processing tests of mixed MSW with a focus on recovering recyclable materials. These investigations are carried out on an industrial scale so that scaling factors are largely minimized, and robust results are produced. The theoretical recovery potential of packaging plastics from the plants investigated averages 6,500 tons per year. Extrapolated to Austria, this generates a potential of around 83,000 tons per year. Considering losses during further treatment, such as sorting and recycling, around 30,000 tons of recyclate per year could be returned to plastic production. This result would correspond to an increase in the recycling rate of packaging plastics from 25% to 35%.The topic of waste incineration residues includes investigating and comparing bottom ash from grate incineration and fluidized bed combustion. The analyses are carried out at incineration plants, which are almost exclusively fed with residual waste and located in the same city. The analyses of the ashes focus on their recyclable material content, chemical composition, and leaching behavior in wet environments. The content of recyclable material is of particular interest not only for metals but also for the content of potentially recyclable glass. The chemical analyses mainly concern the mineral components of bottom ash. These minerals could be recycled outside landfill sites if their chemical and environmental properties are below limit values. It is shown that most of the recyclable materials from bottom ash from fluidized bed combustion are of better quality than the ash from grate incineration. Metals in fluidized bed ash are less corroded, glass contains fewer impurities, minerals contain fewer heavy metals, and their leaching behavior is more favorable. In addition, metals and glass hardly melt in the fluidized bed combustion and, therefore, do not conglomerate with other materials compared to grate incineration. This makes it much more feasible to recover metals and glass. Concerning the input of the incineration plant, more aluminum and significantly more glass can be recovered from the fluidized bed ash. The disadvantage is that fluidized bed combustion produces around five times more fly ash per unit of incinerated waste, which has to be disposed of in landfill sites.The utilization of the mineral content in incinerator bottom ash outside landfills is also considered in a European context. Legally authorized fields of application and their requirements in the entire EU, including associated partner countries, are identified. The work shows many parameters to be analyzed for the total and eluate content. In addition, some countries have adopted landfill limit values for bottom ash utilization. Such an approach is not considered appropriate as the environmental impact of the material when disposed of in a landfill is different from that of non-landfill recovery. The overall utilization rate of incinerator bottom ash outside landfills in the countries studied is around 54% by weight. This rate does not necessarily depend on how good the legal regulation is. Instead, it seems to result from the political commitment to utilization and the economic conditions.These findings are supplemented by secondary literature and combined into an Austrian mixed MSW treatment model. Various scenarios are analyzed using material flow analysis software. Compared to the base scenario, increases in the recovery and associated recycling rates are possible for all material flows analyzed. This is not unexpected as packaging plastics, glass, mineral materials, and paper has not been recovered from mixed MSW for material recycling. Similarly, the existing potential for non-ferrous metals cannot yet be utilized, and there are still significant losses. Ferrous metals are already being recovered to a large extent, meaning there are only minimal rates of increase. Although the recycling rates for plastic packaging are not fully achieved through automated waste sorting, its integration into waste treatment strategies can contribute to achieving the recycling targets. By recovering recyclable materials before incineration, improving bottom ash processing, and utilizing the mineral content of bottom ash, up to 200,000 tons per year of input to landfill sites can be avoided. These savings correspond to one-third of the annual input from mixed MSW treatment and can, therefore, contribute to extending the use-phase of landfill sites.
... Incineration, composting, pyrolysis, and other MSW treatment technologies will cause varying degrees of damage to the environment. Using MSW as construction materials is a promising solution to recycle MSW which can effectively solve the above challenge and avoid environmental pollution [7][8][9][10]. The stability and bearing capacity of the foundation of a building directly affect its safety and service life, and the quality and performance of the foundation materials have a crucial impact on the stability and bearing capacity of the foundation. ...
... The stability and bearing capacity of the foundation of a building directly affect its safety and service life, and the quality and performance of the foundation materials have a crucial impact on the stability and bearing capacity of the foundation. The samples of MSW in previous studies have advantages of low compressibility, high strength, corrosion resistance, and low cost [8][9][10]. The prepared MSW samples can be recycled and used as building materials for foundations and road embankments. ...
... The stability and bearing capacity of the foundation directly affect the safety and service life of the building, and the quality and performance of the foundation materials have a crucial impact on the stability and bearing capacity of the foundation. MSW samples have the advantages of low compressibility, high strength, corrosion resistance, good thermal insulation, a low cost, and high processability [8,9,[31][32][33]. The prepared MSW samples can be recycled and used as building materials for foundations and other projects. ...
Municipal solid waste (MSW) has huge potential to be recycled as construction material, which would have significant benefits for environmental conservation. However, the cornerstone of this undertaking is a solid comprehension of the mechanical response of MSW in real-world engineering locations, taking into account the effects of stress levels and temperature. In this paper, well-mixed MSW samples were sieved and crushed to produce standardized specimens in cylindrical molds. A series of static, dynamic, and post-cyclic shear tests were conducted on the MSW at temperatures ranging from 5 °C to 80 °C with normal stresses of 50 kPa, 100 kPa, and 150 kPa. The experimental findings demonstrate that the static, dynamic, and post-cyclic mechanical response of MSW presents temperature range-dependency; temperature variation between 5 °C and 20 °C affects MSW’s mechanical reaction more than variation in temperature between 40 °C and 80 °C under various stress settings; at 5 °C~80 °C, the static peak shear strength of MSW is the highest, being followed by the post-cyclic peak shear strength, while the dynamic peak shear strength is the lowest; the sensitivity of the dynamic shear strength of MSW to temperature variation is the largest, being followed by the post-cyclic peak shear strength, and the static peak shear strength is the lowest.
... The majority of the hazardous pollutants found in leachate from sanitary landfills include organic waste, ammoniacal nitrogen (N-NH3), and heavy metals, all of which are harmful to the environment and public health [1][2][3]. In addition to having a negative impact on soil surface and groundwater [8][9][10], incorrect disposal of leachate that has not been appropriately treated can also have a negative impact on population health and quality of life [11]. Therefore, for the purpose of public health safety and environmental sustainability, sanitary landfill barriers should be installed in landfill sites. ...
... The concentrations of heavy metals in ash from municipal waste combustion are influenced by the conditions of the incineration process. Higher temperatures during combustion cause heavy metals, particularly zinc, cadmium, lead, and arsenic, to volatilise and subsequently condense onto fly ash particles carried by flue gases [47,48]. ...
This study explores the utilisation challenges of fly ash from municipal waste incineration, specifically focusing on ash from a dry desulphurisation plant (DDS), which is categorised as hazardous due to its high heavy metal content. The ash’s low silicon and calcium contents restrict its standalone utility. Laboratory investigations initially revealed that geopolymers derived solely from fly ash after flue gas treatment (FGT), in combination with coal combustion fly ash, exhibited low compressive strength (below 0.6 MPa). However, the study demonstrated significant improvements by modifying the FGT ash through water leaching. This process enhanced its performance when mixed with high-silica and -aluminium fly ash, resulting in geopolymers achieving compressive strengths of up to 18 MPa. Comparable strength outcomes were observed when the modified ash was blended with commercial cement. Leachability tests conducted for heavy metals (HMs) such as copper, zinc, lead, cadmium, and nickel indicated that their concentrations fell below the regulatory limits for landfill disposal: 2, 4, 0.5, 0.04, and 0.4 mg/kg, respectively. These results underscore the effectiveness of water-washing FGT ash in conjunction with other materials for producing geopolymers, contributing to sustainable waste management practices.
... Nonetheless, a significant challenge lies in managing the bottom ash from incinerators (BA), a primary residue that often sees partial utilization and is frequently directed to landfills. The extension of landfill and dumping sites face obstacles in many countries due to constraints such as inadequate land, social stigmas, and political complexities surrounding land use (Ghosh, 2016;Luo et al., 2019). Consequently, there is an urgent need for viable treatment methods to repurpose BA as a resource substitute, thereby mitigating the strain on landfills and promoting sustainable waste management practices. ...
This study investigates the behavior of stabilized Incinerated Bottom Ash (BA) reinforced with fiber when tested under Triaxial conditions. A number of lab-based Unconsolidated Undrained (UU) tests were performed on BA specimens with changing cement content (0–10%) and fiber length (6–18 mm). Cement stabilization enhances shear strength, while fiber inclusion shifts behavior from brittle to ductile. Initially, unconsolidated-undrained strength increases with fiber addition, then decreases. Optimal results were achieved with 0.5% 12 mm fibers and 7% cement, showing a 71.43% strength improvement after 28 days. Prediction of shear strength using a Back Propagation neural network and Adaptive Neuro-fuzzy system yields stronger correlations than regression analysis. The properties of stabilizer and reinforcement on compaction, shear strength, and secant modulus of elasticity (E50) were investigated. PP fiber inclusion enhances shear strength and ductility, with cement content and curing period as dominant factors. Scanning electron microscopy shows stabilizer addition leads to cementitious compounds binding bottom particles, increasing interaction between ash and fiber, thus affecting overall shear strength.
... Additionally, the bio-based nature of the capsules makes them a sustainable alternative to synthetic polymers [31]. Furthermore, the immobilisation property of Cs-CA capsules could find application in preventing heavy metal leaching from municipal solid waste incineration fly ash which is a promising supplementary cementitious material, but poses an environmental hazard due to the leaching of toxic heavy metals [79,80]. ...
