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The schematic process of the Swiss water and the French water decaffeination processes. (Color figure available online.)
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Green tea is a rich source of the strong antioxidants, the catechins, but it also contains high levels of caffeine, which may cause negative effects in some people and this has led to a demand for decaffeinated green tea. Numerous decaffeination methods have been developed to remove caffeine from green tea. This article reviews these decaffeination...
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Context 1
... was initially used for the decaffeination of coffee in 1938 by the Coffex Company (14). Since then, two types of water extraction meth- ods have been developed to decaffeinate coffee beans -the Swiss and the French water decaffeination techniques (Figure 3). It is acknowledged that the advantage of the Swiss water process is that it produces decaffeinated coffee beans with a richer flavor, whereas the advantage of the French water process is that it results in decaffeinated coffee beans with higher solids and less moisture (14). ...
Context 2
... this method may cause the loss of flavor and of theanine, a valuable amino acid unique to tea in the plant world. However, as men- tioned previously, flavor and the theanine could be possibly recovered when decaffeinating green tea by using similar techniques described in the Swiss and the French water decaffeination processes used for coffee bean (Figure 3). Therefore, future studies need to be conducted to improve the decaffeination method for green tea using boiling water. ...
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The studies investigating the effects of green tea on blood pressure (BP) have generated inconsistent results. The aim of this study is to quantitatively evaluate the effects of green tea on BP control. PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library (updated to March 2014) were searched for randomized controlled trials evaluating the effects of green tea...
Citations
... Caffeine dissolves the fastest among the constituents of green tea, hence its rate of diffusion is important. It is a stimulant that is found in 2-5 percent of the dry weight of 20-40gms of green tea (Vuong et al., 2014). It is currently the psychostimulant that is most often used worldwide as it has been shown to enhance cognitive thinking, improve neuromuscular coordination, and reduce tension and anxiety. ...
... HPLC (Ravindran et al., 2011;Kulkarni et al 2017) is an efficient technology for characterizing, separating, and identifying components in green tea samples. It is a technology for the separation of molecules in columns that uses high-performance pumps to provide the appropriate solvent at a set rate to the detector (Vuong et al., 2014). The substance to be examined must be soluble in the solvent. ...
One of the most popular drinks in the world, tea is a member of the family Theaceae, obtained from the plant Camellia Sinensis, found explicitly in humid and warm regions, attracts interest for its flavour and scent as well as its advantageous health properties. It is divided into three main categories: unfermented green tea and white tea, partially fermented oolong tea, and black tea that has undergone fermentation. Green tea is currently the psychostimulant most often used worldwide, as it has been shown to enhance cognitive thinking, improve neuromuscular coordination, and reduce tension and anxiety. However, it also contains caffeine members of methylxanthines which, in high amounts, more than its moderate dose, i.e., 400mg/day, can cause significant toxicity and even lethality showing symptoms such as involuntary contraction of the muscles, failure of the respiration, and heart, coma, migraine, or even death of the person in adverse cases. This study’s objective is to determine the qualitative content of caffeine released in green tea after boiling over time. Liquid chromatography is used for the detection of caffeine. To establish a more exact relation between the amounts of caffeine taken and its physiological effects, it is crucial to create more accurate, easy, and quick procedures for the detection of caffeine. Caffeine was successfully eluted using this technique in three minutes, with a few additional peaks. The standard calibration curve showed exemplary linearity, and the correlation coefficient was above 0.9983.
... The effect of the incorporation in DPPC liposomes at the concentration of 10 mg/mL of three model drugs with a different water solubility on the sol-gel transition was investigated. The selected model drugs were tramadol hydrochloride (freely soluble in water) [24], caffeine (sparingly soluble in water at room temperature; solubility ~2 g/100 mL at 20 °C) [25] and miconazole nitrate (practically insoluble in water; solubility ˂0.001 mg/mL) [26]. The calculated EE% of the drugs in DPPC liposomes indicated that the loading was dependent on the different solubility in water of the drug, being the highest for tramadol hydrochloride (EE 7.48%; DPPC to drug molar ratio is 0.375), followed by caffeine (EE 3.66%; DPPC to drug molar ratio is 0.144) and miconazole nitrate (EE 0.45%; DPPC to drug molar ratio is 0.001). ...
... The effect of the incorporation in DPPC liposomes at the concentration of 10 mg/mL of three model drugs with a different water solubility on the sol-gel transition was investigated. The selected model drugs were tramadol hydrochloride (freely soluble in water) [24], caffeine (sparingly soluble in water at room temperature; solubility~2 g/100 mL at 20 • C) [25] and miconazole nitrate (practically insoluble in water; solubility <0.001 mg/mL) [26]. The calculated EE% of the drugs in DPPC liposomes indicated that the loading was dependent on the different solubility in water of the drug, being the highest for tramadol hydrochloride (EE 7.48%; DPPC to drug molar ratio is 0.375), followed by caffeine (EE 3.66%; DPPC to drug molar ratio is 0.144) and miconazole nitrate (EE 0.45%; DPPC to drug molar ratio is 0.001). ...
High-resolution ultrasound spectroscopy (HR-US) is a spectroscopic technique using ultrasound waves at high frequencies to investigate the structural properties of dispersed materials. This technique is able to monitor the variation of ultrasound parameters (sound speed and attenuation) due to the interaction of ultrasound waves with samples as a function of temperature and concentration. Despite being employed for the characterization of several colloidal systems, there is a lack in the literature regarding the comparison between the potential of HR-US for the determination of phospholipid thermal transitions and that of other common techniques both for loaded or unloaded liposomes. Thermal transitions of liposomes composed of pure phospholipids (dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine, DMPC; dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, DPPC and distearoylphosphatidylcholine, DSPC), cholesterol and their mixtures were investigated by HR-US in comparison to the most commonly employed microcalorimetry (mDSC) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Moreover, tramadol hydrochloride, caffeine or miconazole nitrate as model drugs were loaded in DPPC liposomes to study the effect of their incorporation on thermal properties of a phospholipid bilayer. HR-US provided the determination of phospholipid sol-gel transition temperatures from both attenuation and sound speed that are comparable to those calculated by mDSC and DLS techniques for all analysed liposomal dispersions, both loaded and unloaded. Therefore, HR-US is proposed here as an alternative technique to determine the transition temperature of phospholipid membrane in liposomes.
... Jenis pelarut yang digunakan setidaknya mampu melarutkan sebagian dari komponenkomponen pembentuknya agar terjadi proses pelarutan yang diikuti dengan pembentukan ko-kristal (ko-kristalisasi) akibat terjadinya keadaan supersaturasi. Deksibuprofen larut di dalam kloroform, sementara kafein mudah larut dalam pelarut yang sama 22 , sehingga kloroform dipilih sebagai pelarut pada metode USSC ini. ...
The ability of an active pharmaceutical ingredient to be compressed is directly affected by its mechanical properties, such as flowability and tabletability. Dexibuprofen (DXI) with poor mechanical properties has improved its flowability and tabletability by co-crystal formation with caffeine (CAF) using ultrasound assisted co-crystallization (USSC) method in chloroform solvent. The characterization of the co-crystal formation included crystal morphology, powder X-ray diffractogram, and thermal behavior. The mechanical properties testing including flowability (compressibility index) and tabletability (tensile strength and elastic recovery) were conducted on DXI-CAF co-crystal and pure DXI. The tabletability test was conducted at 10 to 60 kg/cm2 of compression force. The characterization results show that the USSC result has a unique crystal habit, diffractogram, melting point that is different from pure DXI, and this indicates the formation of DXI-CAF co-crystal. The DXI-CAF co-crystal compressibility index was in the good category, while pure DXI was in the poor category. The maximum tensile strength value of the DXI-CAF co-crystal was 1.526 MPa achieved at a compression force of 50 kg/cm2, whilst the maximum tensile strength value of pure DXI was only 0.853 MPa achieved at a compression force of 20 kg/cm2. The elastic recovery curve showed the percentage of elastic recovery of DXI-CAF co-crystal was better than pure DXI. It can be concluded that the co-crystal formation of DXI-CAF by the USSC method was able to improve the mechanical properties (flowability and tabletability) of dexibuprofen.Keywords: dexibuprofen, caffeine, ultrasound assisted co-crystallization, tensile strength, elastic recovery
... Caffeine is known to be found in numerous natural and manufactured products counting green tea [48,49], chocolates [50], various drinks (caffeinated-beverages and energy drinks) [51, 52,53] and of course coffee (Arabica and Robusta) [47,54,55]. ...
Coffee is known to be one of the popular beverages today on the globe. Due to its easy availability and preparation, it is consumed by the population of almost all countries. This wonder crop was discovered in the 6th century in Ethiopia. Since then, people have also used various brewing methods to extract hundreds of the bioactive compounds present in these aromatic seeds. No doubt, excessive consumption of the same can be harmful too. As a functional food, coffee is known to have multiple health benefits. Coffee beans contain vitamins, minerals, caffeine, chlorogenic acid, and various other biologically active ingredients. This review briefly describes the major biologically active compounds present in these seeds – caffeine, trigonelline, diterpenes, and chlorogenic acid (CGA). It also aims to describe various bioactive activities such as antioxidant, antiproliferative, antibacterial, antiviral, etc., against variable hallmarks. Thus, explaining different pharmacological effects for the welfare of the human population.
... Today, innovative extraction methods are explored continuously to overcome these challenges. The Swiss water extraction method is an example of a green system that is considered food-grade, and represents an environmentally friendly technique combining water, temperature, osmosis, pressure, and extraction time to remove primarily caffeine from coffee beans [20]. This method was designed to reduce energy utilization, facilitate the use of alternative water-based solvents geared at producing high-quality safe extracts and isolates from a range of matrices [19]. ...
... Recently, boiling water extraction was demonstrated to be successful in the extraction of bioactive mycochemicals from Chaga sourced from different geographical areas for various medicinal applications Today, innovative extraction methods are explored continuously to overcome these challenges. The Swiss water extraction method is an example of a green system that is considered food-grade, and represents an environmentally friendly technique combining water, temperature, osmosis, pressure, and extraction time to remove primarily caffeine from coffee beans [20]. This method was designed to reduce energy utilization, facilitate the use of alternative water-based solvents geared at producing high-quality safe extracts and isolates from a range of matrices [19]. ...
Currently, there is increased interest in finding appropriate food-grade green extraction systems capable of extracting these bioactive compounds from dietary mushrooms for applications in various food, pharmacological, or nutraceutical formulations. Herein, we evaluated a modified Swiss water process (SWP) method using alkaline and acidic pH at low and high temperature under pressurized conditions as a suitable green food grade solvent to obtained extracts enriched with myco-nutrients (dietary phenolics, total antioxidants (TAA), vitamins, and minerals) from Chaga. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution accurate mass tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRAMS-MS/MS) was used to assess the phenolic compounds and vitamin levels in the extracts, while inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to determine the mineral contents. Over 20 phenolic compounds were quantitatively evaluated in the extracts and the highest total phenolic content (TPC) and total antioxidant activity (TAA) was observed at pH 11.5 at 100 °C. The most abundant phenolic compounds present in Chaga extracts included phenolic acids such as protocatechuic acid 4-glucoside (0.7–1.08 µg/mL), syringic acid (0.62–1.18 µg/mL), and myricetin (0.68–1.3 µg/mL). Vitamins are being reported for the first time in Chaga. Not only, a strong correlation was found for TPC with TAA (r-0.8
... Caffeine is a xanthine alkaloid widely used in beverages (soft or energy drinks), as well as in pharmaceutical and cosmetic preparations [1]. The global caffeine market was valued at US$ 231.1 million in 2018 and is expected to reach US$ 349.2 million by 2027 expanding at a CAGR (Compound Annual Growth Rate) of 4.7% during the forecast from 2019 to 2027 [2]. ...
Natural caffeine from decaffeination processes is widely used by pharmaceutical, cosmetic and soft-drink industries. Supercritical CO2 extraction (SFE–CO2) is extensively exploited industrially, and one of its most representative applications is the decaffeination process, which is a greener alternative to the use of organic solvents. Despite its advantages, extraction kinetics are rather slow near the CO2 critical point, meaning that improvements are highly sought after. The effect exerted by a combination of SFE–CO2 and ultrasound (US–SFE–CO2) has been investigated in this preliminary study, with the aim of improving mass transfer and selectivity in the extraction of caffeine from green coffee beans. This hybrid technology can considerably enhance the extraction efficiency and cut down process time. Further studies are in progress to demonstrate the complete decaffeination of green coffee beans of different types and origins.
... The loss of the catechins is relatively high. Further studies need to be conducted to optimize the conditions of the method for the decaffeination of green tea (35). ...
... Applying this method is difficult to scale up for industrial production and the material requirements for the regeneration of the activated carbon can be fairly expensive (35) 80% of caffeine was removed while 68% of the catechins were retained in green tea (9). Activated Carbon (AC) ...
... In vitro enzymatic studies for caffeine degradation is not yet reported (15). Applying this method is difficult to scale up for industrial production and the conditions of this method must be strictly controlled (35) The literature revealed that major caffeine degrading strains belong to Pseudomonas and Aspergillus (15). ...
Background and Objectives: Due to the health concerns of people about caffeine, several techniques have been developed to remove caffeine from tea; however, these techniques include limitations. The objective of the present study was to remove caffeine from dried tea leaves using hot water treatment. Materials and Methods: Hot water treatment was used to decaffeinate green and black tea leaves using two stages of brewing. Caffeine of the tea infusions was extracted using liquid-liquid extraction technique and quantified using high performance liquid chromatography. Furthermore, pH, total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity were assessed using electronic pH meter, Folin-Ciocalteu method and ABTS method, respectively. Sensory evaluation was carried out using 5-point hedonic scale test. Tea infusions were prepared within two stages of brewing at 1, 3 and 5 min as primary and 7 min as total brewing times. Results: After 3 min of primary brewing time, decaffeination rates of Ceylon black, China green and Iranian green teas were assessed as 47.7, 81.55 and 85.99%. Antioxidant activity of these samples included 87.7, 85.99 and 81.55%, while total polyphenol content included 83.03, 44.44 and 37.7%, respectively. In general, pH and total polyphenol content of decaffeinated tea-mint infusions increased significantly. Conclusions: Effects of brewing time on caffeine concentration of the tea infusions were revealed in this study. In conclusion, hot water treatment is a safe method and includes a high efficiency for the decaffeination of green and black teas.
... Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) is the most widely consumed metabolic and central nervous system stimulant drug, it has a well-known effect on lipolytic activity in the adipocytes [33], and is soluble in water (21.7 mg mL −1 [34]) and ethanol (ca. 12 mg mL −1 [35]); lidocaine (2-diethylamino-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl) acetamide) is a hydrophilic local anesthetic drug with water solubility of 4.1 mg mL −1 [34]; ibuprofen (α-methyl-4-(isobutyl)phenylacetic acid) is a hydrophobic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that is highly soluble in ethanol (538 mg mL −1 [36]) and poorly soluble in water (21 μg mL −1 [34]); and finally, diclofenac (2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino]benzeneacetic acid) is a NSAID that is insoluble in ethanol and poorly soluble in water in the acidic form (2.37 μg mL −1 [34]) but with higher water solubility in the salt form (1.11 mg mL −1 [37]). ...
Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) membranes have enormous potential as systems for topical drug delivery due to their intrinsic biocompatibility and three-dimensional nanoporous structure, which can house all kinds of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Thus, the present study investigated the long-term storage stability of BNC membranes loaded with both hydrophilic and lipophilic APIs, namely, caffeine, lidocaine, ibuprofen and diclofenac. The storage stability was evaluated under accelerated testing conditions at different temperatures and relative humidity (RH), i.e., 75% RH/40 °C, 60% RH/25 °C and 0% RH/40 °C. All systems were quite stable under these storage conditions with no significant structural and morphological changes or variations in the drug release profile. The only difference observed was in the moisture-uptake, which increased with RH due to the hydrophilic nature of BNC. Furthermore, the caffeine-loaded BNC membrane was selected for in vivo cutaneous compatibility studies, where patches were applied in the volar forearm of twenty volunteers for 24 h. The cutaneous responses were assessed by non-invasive measurements and the tests revealed good compatibility for caffeine-loaded BNC membranes. These results highlight the good storage stability of the API-loaded BNC membranes and their cutaneous compatibility, which confirms the real potential of these dermal delivery systems.
... Chloroform, isopropanol, ethyl acetate and methylene chloride have been effectively used to remove caffeine and to produce decaffeinated green tea [9]. Vuong and Roach [9] have been investigated alternative studies because the use of organic solvents increases health problems in food processing. ...
... Chloroform, isopropanol, ethyl acetate and methylene chloride have been effectively used to remove caffeine and to produce decaffeinated green tea [9]. Vuong and Roach [9] have been investigated alternative studies because the use of organic solvents increases health problems in food processing. Chloroform and ethyl acetate are used but not approved resulting from their toxicities in spite of they are effective [10]. ...
... CO2 is a non-toxic, nonflammable, environmentally-friendly, quite inexpensive, easily separated from the system and do not leave waste. SFE is a fast, leaves no toxic residue and provides less degradation of catechins [9]. Vuong and Roach [9] have been planned in line with the increasing needs for the development of safe, sustainable and environmentally friendly methods to separate caffeine and catechin from green tea in their study. ...
Separation
of caffeine and catechins from tea extracts usually requires conventional
liquid-liquid extraction employing chloroform.
This work was planned to improve a green extraction technique to
distunguish these important chemicals from green tea. Extraction of caffeine and catechins from Turkish green tea firstly employing MAE, and then to
separate these compounds from each other using a SFE method were purpose of this study. Microwave assisted extraction was applied to
extract tea components from green tea then i)
conventional liquid-liquid extraction or ii)
supercritical carbon dioxide fluid extraction (SFE) method was charged with the
effective separation of caffeine and catechins. Initially, an ethanol: water mixture was used in a close
microwave system under the particuler extraction situations of green tea
samples (fresh, frozen or dried) picked up in three collection periods (first, second and third collection periods). MAE of tea samples was
exerted under a controlled 600 W microwave power for 4 min irradiation time at
80 oC temperature. Then MAE crude aqueous extract was divided in
to two portions. The first portion was fractionated first with chloroform to
distunguish caffeine then ethyl acetate for catechins. Caffeine and
catechins were successfully separated. Second portion was freeze-dried and
obtained lyophilized solid was used for SFE. Caffeine (3.68% extract
yield) was successfully separated from
catechins with SFE at 250 bar and 60°C for 180 min. Constituents of the
extracts were determined (caffeine and four catechins namely EGC, EC, C, EGCG)
by HPLC to evaluate the effectiveness of the separation.
... But there are certain drawbacks of this system as the equipment and organic solvents used to run the system are very costly and also, it is a time-consuming process. UV-Vis spectrophotometer can also determine the caffeine level of a sample using the same wavelength after following an extraction process (Vuong & Roach, 2014). This is very simple and fast technique. ...
... Ethyl acetate is most preferably used organic solvent for decaffeination (Kumar & Ravishankar, 2009). Some organic solvents are banned by US Food and Drug Administration for their chemically toxic residues such as methylene chloride, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride etc. (Vuong & Roach, 2014). ...
Caffeine acts as a potentially harmful agent for the bone health and count to be the major risk factor in the initiation of osteoporosis if consumed over a certain safety level for a prolonged period. It is directly related to low bone mineral density as it interacts with the bone minerals specifically calcium and increases their urinary & faecal losses. Bones become fragile; as a result, these are more vulnerable to osteoporotic fractures which are main cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world, more specifically in elderly population. women are more prone to suffer from the adverse consequences of caffeine as compared to males due to their less dense & small size bones and a remarkable decline in estrogen production after menopause. To avoid the negative effects of caffeine on human health, several methods have been developed and are widely being practiced in food industry to reduce the caffeine content.
