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... 220 Australia should not be delaying its response and waiting for the rest of the world to act before Australia chooses to act. This was the case of Australia's delayed ratification of the BWMC in 2017, choosing to ratify only after enough states had ratified it such that it could enter into force, even though the BWMC had been adopted much earlier in 2004 and Australia had signed the BWMC in 2005, 221 and despite Australia being instrumental to the development of the BWMC. 222 The Commonwealth ultimately has the legal right(s) to make laws for environmental protection, including in respect of IAS, if it wishes to exercise it. ...
Marine invasive alien species are sea-based organisms that are non-native to a marine ecosystem, and which can or have spread to a degree that has an adverse impact on biodiversity and human livelihoods. In a globalized and inter-connected world, the threats posed by marine invasive alien species are here to stay. Accordingly, it often has been lamented that the threats from marine alien species are too difficult to combat effectively. In Australia, these threats are exacerbated by the country's unique characteristics such as its sheer size, as well as its geographical and historical isolation from the rest of the world. More importantly for the purposes of this article, Australia's unique constitutional framework that entrenches its national system of federalism has led to complex power-sharing arrangements between the Commonwealth, and the State and Territory governments in the management of invasive alien species, which are arguably inadequate to combat marine invasive alien species effectively. In Australia, laws have been made to manage only one vector of marine invasive species, ballast water from vessels, but not for other vectors. This article analyses how marine invasive alien species are currently managed within the Australian legal framework, and discusses what can be done to improve the status quo in order effectively to control the spread of such foreign organisms. It argues with optimism that marine invasive alien species can be effectively managed under a strong legal framework that seeks to prevent their occurrence and minimize the negative impacts of their occurrence. Such a legal framework consists of sound domestic laws and institutions, the effects of which can be enhanced by greater international cooperation.
... Point of truth calibration (POTCal) has been advocated as a method for complex decision-making, and offers an alternative approach to traditional MCDA by using regression methods with which epidemiologists are familiar (Barry and Xunguo, 2010). POT-Cal has not been used for disease prioritisation, but has been used to assist decision-making in operational biosecurity problems (Knight et al., 2007). Elicitation of preferences for POTCal is similar to that used for probabilistic inversion and conjoint analysis-decisionmakers provide judgements about constructed risk scenarios; both are techniques that have previously been used for disease prioritisation (Havelaar et al., 2010;Sargeant, 2012, 2013;Brookes et al., 2014b). ...
The objective of this study was to trial point of truth calibration (POTCal) as a novel method for disease prioritisation. To illustrate the application of this method, we used a previously described case-study of prioritisation of exotic diseases for the pig industry in Australia. Disease scenarios were constructed from criteria which described potential impact and pig-producers were asked to score the importance of each scenario. POTCal was used to model participants’ estimates of disease importance as a function of the criteria, to derive a predictive model to prioritise a range of exotic diseases.
... Point of truth calibration (POTCal) has been advocated as a method for complex decision-making, and offers an alternative approach to traditional MCDA by using regression methods with which epidemiologists are familiar (Barry and Xunguo, 2010). POT-Cal has not been used for disease prioritisation, but has been used to assist decision-making in operational biosecurity problems (Knight et al., 2007). Elicitation of preferences for POTCal is similar to that used for probabilistic inversion and conjoint analysis-decisionmakers provide judgements about constructed risk scenarios; both are techniques that have previously been used for disease prioritisation (Havelaar et al., 2010;Sargeant, 2012, 2013;Brookes et al., 2014b). ...
... Regarding feasibility, most large merchant vessels are able to carry out BWE without needing additional plant to be installed. However, completing a full exchange on larger vessels may take one to three days, making it impractical for voyages of short duration without imposing delays on the vessel (Gollasch et al. 2007, Knight et al. 2007). Because of the short distances between New Zealand ports, transit times will often be shorter than the time required for effective BWE. ...
Amendments to the Biosecurity Act 1993 (BSA) in November 2012 created more scope for measures to manage the spread of harmful marine organisms in New Zealand. The Ministry
for Primary Industries (MPI) commissioned the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric
Research and the Cawthron Institute to undertake a review of practical measures for reducing the spread of potentially harmful marine organisms via human transport pathways within New Zealand, and policy options for promoting the implementation of risk reduction measures. During two workshops held in Wellington in 2013, representatives of the quaculture, commercial fishing, marine transport, mining and exploration, research and education, and sport and recreation pathways were invited to identify and discuss risk reduction options and potential barriers to their implementation. The aim was to engage industry, government, tangata whenua, councils, and other stakeholders in the development of a recommended package of measures and policies for reducing the domestic spread of marine pests within New Zealand. The project resulted in two reports. A companion report (hereafter referred to as the ‘Part A report’) describes the nature of the biosecurity risk in six sectoral pathways, including how harmful species can be spread within each pathway (‘modes of infection’, Table 1), and identifies practical measures that could be taken to reduce this risk. This report assesses policy options and presents recommendations for six different modes of infection across the pathways. This Executive Summary provides an overview of both reports and follows the structure of Part A, presenting findings by sector, whereas the main body of this Part B report presents findings by mode of infection.
... Maintenance of the risk assessment tool would require monitoring of ports for the presence of harmful organisms. Costs were also expected to vary geographically, among states (Knight et al. 2007). The total cost to Australia of implementing mandatory exchange was estimated to range from AUS$30.5 million per annum (for exchange at 3 nm) to AUS$72.7 million per annum (for exchange at 50 nm/200 m). ...
... The reduction in risk of an incursion attributable to ballast water exchange was uncertain, but was assessed to be considerably higher in appropriately designated zones and at 12 nm or beyond (>80% reduction). On average, exchange at 3 nm was assessed as being <70% effective (Knight et al. 2007). ...
... Highest risk areas for discharge were judged to be off the northeast coast of the North Island between North Cape and Bay of Plenty. Lowest risk was the area between East Cape and Mahia Peninsula ( In Australia, Knight et al. (2007) modelled expert judgement of the reduction in risk achieved by undertaking BWE at 3, 12 and 50 nm from the coastline. They estimated that a boundary of 3 nm reduced risk of an incursion by an average of 60% and would have a minor impact on the shipping industry. ...
... Exchanging ballast water is one mechanism for the introduction and translocation of marine pests. The Australian government has signed and ratified the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships Ballast Water and Sediments (the Convention), and is working with its States and Northern Territory towards a single consistent national ballast water management system; see Knight et al. (2007). ...
... The Australian coastline and territorial waters are vast (over eight million square kilometres) and it is not feasible to carry out individual assessments at all locations. Instead, Knight et al. (2007) applied the PoTCal approach to assess the biological risks at 12 chosen locations around the Australian coast (see Figure 4.2). We note that at each location there are four scenarios (i.e., discharging points) so that there are four elicitation observations per location for each expert. ...
... The risk here was defined as the relative risk of discharging ballast water at the location compared with the nearest port. For more details of this study; see Knight et al. (2007). ...
