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Combined with the physical model test of the force of landslide surge on the spur dike under the condition of water flow dynamics, this paper measures and analyzes the pressure distribution of the spur dike body, the wave pressure distribution along with the water depth, and the circumferential pressure distribution along with the near-surface laye...
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The submerged dam is one of the commonly used schemes for the prevention and treatment of the pit-type collapse, which is often used in the pit-type collapse emergency treatment in Anhui and Jiangsu sections of the Yangtze River and has achieved good silt-promoting effects. However, the height of submerged dam lacks theoretical and experimental bas...
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... The research efforts in these regards have been summarized in detail by Nandhini et al. (2024). Despite the emphasis being mainly on the impact of spur dikes in the riverine environment during the regular river flow, few researchers also focused on the effect of unsteady flow (replication of flood) (Iqbal and Tanaka, 2023;Moghispour and Kouchakzadeh, 2024), tidal bore (Xu et al., 2016;Wang et al., 2022a;Zhang et al., 2022Zhang et al., , 2023 and landslide induced surges (Wang et al., 2022b) interaction with spur dikes. According to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), spur dikes reduce flow elevations under minimal flow circumstances by deflecting the flow into the main channel. ...
In a river and estuarine region dominated by strong tidal bores, spur dikes play a crucial role in influencing both hydrodynamics and morphodynamics. The present study experimentally quantifies the hydrodynamics around a solitary spur dike during tidal bore-like unsteady flow interaction by varying the flow Froude number (Fr) and relative dike height (h d /h). During the tidal bore interaction with the spur dike, splashing occurred during bore impact, followed by continuous overflow, resulting in a significant difference in flow characteristics in the spur dike vicinity during the quasi-steady flow phase. Fr and h d /h positively correlated with the upstream water elevation (backwater rise) and negatively correlated at the downstream region. At the head region, the backwater upstream and the overtopped flow together dictated the flow characteristics. Empirical equations for predicting the flow characteristics (bore depth and velocity) around the spur dike during tidal bore interaction are obtained through the non-linear multivariate regression analysis. At high Fr and high h d /h conditions, the spur dike was found to effectively reduce the tidal bore energy at the downstream region by nearly 25% due to high turbulence intensity. Overall, the paper provides quantitative and qualitative discussion on tidal bore hy-drodynamics and the variation in the tidal bore energy around a solitary spur dike for engineering design and operational appraisal.
... These recent studies have defined the multidisciplinary nature of scour depth prediction and show the progress in experimental, numerical, and machine learning approaches to forecast scour characteristics under turbulent wall jet conditions. Many researchers have shown considerable interest in utilizing machine learning and numerical approaches in different fields for computation of the scour and flow characteristics (Tian and Xiao 2020;Yin et al., 2020;Wang et al., 2022;Liu et al., 2023). Many studies have employed the artificial neural network and genetic programming in investigating the scour hole phenomenon in pile groups and near bridge piers. ...
This study examines the scour depth induced by turbulent wall jets and proposes novel mathematical formulations to predict the depth of scouring. Through a comprehensive gamma test, key parameters influencing the scour depth are identified, including the apron length, densimetric Froude number, median sediment size, tailwater level, Reynolds number, and Froude number of the jet. Regression analysis is subsequently conducted to establish relationships between the dependent parameter and the aforementioned independent variables. A comparative analysis is then undertaken between the measured scour depths and those predicted by existing equations from previous studies. Furthermore, predictive models leveraging the support vector machine, artificial neural network with particle swarm optimization, M5 tree algorithm, gene expression programming, and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) are developed using the collected data. Statistical metrics are employed to evaluate the performance of each model and the regression equation. The effectiveness of each model in predicting scour depth is demonstrated. Notably, ANFIS yields a coefficient of determination of 0.809 and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.585. Multi-nonlinear regression analysis exhibits a coefficient of determination of 0.752 and an RMSE of 0.421, while the M5 tree achieves a coefficient of determination of 0.739 and an RMSE of 1.874, demonstrating superior performance compared to other machine learning techniques and regression equations employed in this study.
... Substituting Eqs. (9) and (11) into Eq. (13) yields the following equation. ...
Combined with the spatial data processing capability of the Geographic Information Systems (GIS), the Pan Jiazheng method is extended from two-dimensional (2D) to three-dimensional (3D), and a 3D landslide surge height calculation method is proposed based on grid column units. First, the data related to the landslide are rasterized to form grid columns, and a force analysis model of 3D landslides is established. Combining the vertical strip method with Newton’s laws of motion, dynamic equilibrium equations are established to solve the surge height. Moreover, a 3D landslide surge height calculation expansion module is developed in the GIS environment, and the results are compared with those of the 2D Pan Jiazheng method. Comparisons showed that the maximum surge height obtained by the proposed method is 24.6% larger than that based on the Pan Jiazheng method. Compared with the traditional 2D method, the 3D method proposed in this paper better represent the actual spatial state of the landslide and is more suitable for risk assessment.
... Substituting Eqs. (9) and (11) into Eq. (13) yields the following equation. ...
Combined with the spatial data processing capability of the Geographic Information Systems (GIS), the Pan Jiazheng method is extended from two-dimensional (2D) to three-dimensional (3D), and a 3D landslide surge height calculation method is proposed based on grid column units. First, the data related to the landslide are rasterized to form grid columns, and a force analysis model of 3D landslides is established. Combining the vertical strip method with Newton's laws of motion, dynamic equilibrium equations are established to solve the surge height. Moreover, a 3D landslide surge height calculation expansion module is developed in the GIS environment, and the results are compared with those of the 2D Pan Jiazheng method. Comparisons showed that the maximum surge height obtained by the proposed method is 24.6% larger than that based on the Pan Jiazheng method. Compared with the traditional 2D method, the 3D method proposed in this paper better represent the actual spatial state of the landslide and is more suitable for risk assessment.
... Due to an increase in the degree of submergence, the TKE increases in front of the spur dike and decreases at the axis as well as at the rear side of the dike (Yu et al. 2022). Physical model studies were conducted by Wang et al. (2022) on the spur dikes in the Three Gorges Reservoir area of the Yangtze River due to the action of landslide surge. The results show significant effects on the circumferential wave pressure upstream and downstream of the spur dike due to landslide surge. ...
Flow in streams and rivers typically erodes the banks, causing channel bank migration laterally, resulting in loss of nearby land, modification in channel morphology, excessive sediment transport, and water quality degradation. A spur dike is a hydraulic structure placed at the channel bank projecting outward to guide or divert the flow away from the bank, thus protecting it from erosion. The stability of the riverbed and banks is influenced by turbulent characteristics such as three-dimensional velocity distribution, turbulent kinetic energy, Reynolds shear stress, turbulent intensity, and bed shear stress. The researchers found that these turbulence parameters are instrumental in sediment movement along the channel's bed and from its banks. Spurs dikes are a significant river training structure provided along the river bank to protect from erosion. Several aspects related to spur dikes, such as their geometry, physical features, design considerations, flow and scour patterns, etc., are critically reviewed in this paper. Despite the numbers of literature in the field of turbulent characteristics and scour depth around spur dike, the role of vegetation and the effect of seepage around spur dike still remains an unexplored area. These knowledge gaps of spur dikes in field conditions are discussed for future studies.
HIGHLIGHTS
Assessment of spur performance for bank erosion control.;
Details of spur types and design criteria discussed.;
The gaps in current knowledge about spurs identified.;
Future research direction regarding the effect of seepage and vegetation on spur performance is presented.;
River protection structures, especially spur dikes, play a vital role in the hydrodynamic and morphological changes in a river system. Since the earliest days, numerous studies have been carried out to understand the flow characteristics around spur dikes by varying the spacing between them, the length, the shape, the permeability, and the submergence. Despite several studies, knowledge of flow characteristics around spur dikes is still poorly understood, resulting in damages and failures worldwide. Furthermore, such failures get aggravated under extreme conditions like floods, land-slide-induced surges and tidal bores. Therefore, this state-of-the-art review paper provides a comprehensive account of relevant studies on the flow interaction and its characteristics in the vicinity of spur dikes during normal and extreme scenarios. Possible failure mechanisms with a detailed examination of scour in the proximity of spur dikes are deliberated. Suitable design features and international standards of various types of spur dikes are appraised through this comprehensive review. Furthermore, we also identified a number of research gaps that need immediate attention. This review paper, as a whole, provides concrete knowledge of the flow interaction with spur dikes and design components of spur dikes, thereby helping researchers to understand the advancement in the research area and providing hydraulic engineers with guidance for designing the spur field at a specific site based on the requirements.
