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The relationship between ultraviolet intensity and humidity and temperature. A/B: Pearson’s correlation analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between temperature and UVA/UVB intensity (UVA: r = 0.7424, P<0.0001; UVB: r = 0.7851, P<0.0001). C/D: Pearson’s correlation analysis showed a significant negative correlation between relative humidity and UVA/UVB intensity (UVA: r = -0.8170, P<0.0001; UVB: r = -0.8007, P<0.0001).
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The aim of this study is to determine the effect of clothing and the environment on human exposure to ultraviolet light.
The ultraviolet (ultraviolet A and ultraviolet B) light intensity was measured, and air quality parameters were recorded in 2014 in Beijing, China. Three types of clothing (white polyester cloth, pure cotton white T-shirt, and pu...
Citations
... The animals were first acclimated in the experimental room for at least 30 min and then anaesthetised intraperitoneally (i.p.) with ketamine (90 mg/kg, i.p.) plus xylazine (3 mg/ kg, i.p.). After that, only the right hind paw was exposed to UVB radiation, while the rest of the animal's body was protected by a cotton cloth capable of absorbing practically 100% of UVB radiation (Liu and Zhang 2015). Treatments were applied immediately after UVB irradiation in the still anaesthetised mice. ...
Burns are a global health problem and can be caused by several factors, including ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Exposure to UVB radiation can cause sunburn and a consequent inflammatory response characterised by pain, oedema, inflammatory cell infiltration, and erythema. Pharmacological treatments available to treat burns and the pain caused by them include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), opioids, antimicrobials and glucocorticoids, which are associated with adverse effects. Therefore, the search for new therapeutic alternatives is needed. Diosmetin, an aglycone of the flavonoid diosmin, has antinociceptive, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Thus, we evaluated the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of topical diosmetin (0.01, 0.1 and 1%) in a UVB radiation-induced sunburn model in mice. The right hind paw of the anaesthetised mice was exposed only once to UVB radiation (0.75 J/cm²) and immediately treated with diosmetin once a day for 5 days. The diosmetin antinociceptive effect was evaluated by mechanical allodynia and pain affective-motivational behaviour, while its anti-inflammatory activity was assessed by measuring paw oedema and polymorphonuclear cell infiltration. Mice exposed to UVB radiation presented mechanical allodynia, increased pain affective-motivational behaviour, paw oedema and polymorphonuclear cell infiltration into the paw tissue. Topical Pemulen® TR2 1% diosmetin reduced the mechanical allodynia, the pain affective-motivational behaviour, the paw oedema and the number of polymorphonuclear cells in the mice’s paw tissue similar to that presented by Pemulen® TR2 0.1% dexamethasone. These findings indicate that diosmetin has therapeutic potential and may be a promising strategy for treating patients experiencing inflammatory pain, especially those associated with sunburn.
... Ultraviolet light (or UV) is electromagnetic radiation between 100 and 400 nm in wavelength (Liu and Zhang, 2015). These wavelengths are between visible light and x-ray spectra, they can be divided into three ranges UVA (315-400 nm), UVB (280-315 nm) and UVC (280-100 nm) (Liu and Zhang, 2015). ...
... Ultraviolet light (or UV) is electromagnetic radiation between 100 and 400 nm in wavelength (Liu and Zhang, 2015). These wavelengths are between visible light and x-ray spectra, they can be divided into three ranges UVA (315-400 nm), UVB (280-315 nm) and UVC (280-100 nm) (Liu and Zhang, 2015). Microplastic pollution can be exposed to natural or artificial sources of UV (e.g., artificial UV irradiance used in water treatment), however as exposure time is a significant component of irradiance, natural UV via sunlight is the more significant source of weathering UV light (Alimi, et al. 2022). ...
... Additionally, cell senescence or apoptosis in skin tissue may directly disrupt the balance between tissue degradation and regeneration (24,25). Photoaging, caused by long-term exposure to ultraviolet A (UVA) radiation from the sun, is the main cause of skin aging (26). UVA damages dermal fibroblasts by increasing cellular production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (27), which affects ECM synthesis and remodeling in the dermis (28). ...
Stimulating collagen production in skin helps to enhance vitality while decelerating aging- associated processes in skin tissue. However, current approaches to enhancing collagen production are commonly limited by accompanying pain and trauma. Here, we report that mid-infrared modulation (MIMO) at an intensity of 70 mW/cm ² promotes collagen production in human or mouse skin in vivo without generating excessive heat. We found that protein levels of the collagen- degrading endopeptidase, MMP-1, were decreased in the skin of mice following MIMO treatment, whereas the collagen synthesis-related factors, TGF-β, HSP47, and HSP70, were all increased. In addition, MIMO stimulated collagen secretion in human dermal fibroblasts in vitro. This work demonstrates that MIMO is an effective, non-invasive, and painless intervention for in vivo enhancement of collagen production in the skin.
One Sentence Summary
Mid-infrared modulation promotes collagen production
... However, the UV-photo protective property in Tagetes sp. on account of flavonoid presence while in this category, legumes are also included owing to isoflavones and its precursors components presence such as daidzein and genistein (Ahn-Jarvis et al., 2019). Equol (4,7-isoflavandiol), a flavonoid subcomponent have immunomodulatory characteristics (Oak et al.,2017) actually induced by a putative epidermal mediator i.e., cisurocanic acid indicating its potential protective action against the dangerous UV radiations (Liu et al., 2015) . A view point of the current study distinguished the Tagetes sp. from other plants with having flavonoids and their subcomponents especially play a vital role in protecting skin from harmful UV-B rays and majorly helpful to develop the sunscreen products. ...
... Regarding clinical management, specific emollients have been reported to improve the skin barrier function in AD [114,115], which could possibly also reduce pollution-induced symptoms. Additionally, patients could be advised to wear long sleeves and long pants to limit pollution exposure, similar to protection from ultraviolet radiation [116]. However, research on the effectiveness of preventative interventions is needed to develop evidence-based clinical recommendations for topical products and skin protection methods. ...
Atopic dermatitis (AD) has increased in prevalence to become the most common inflammatory skin condition globally, and geographic variation and migration studies suggest an important role for environmental triggers. Air pollution, especially due to industrialization and wildfires, may contribute to the development and exacerbation of AD. We provide a comprehensive, multidisciplinary review of existing molecular and epidemiologic studies on the associations of air pollutants and AD symptoms, prevalence, incidence, severity, and clinic visits. Cell and animal studies demonstrated that air pollutants contribute to AD symptoms and disease by activating the aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway, promoting oxidative stress, initiating a proinflammatory response, and disrupting the skin barrier function. Epidemiologic studies overall report that air pollution is associated with AD among both children and adults, though the results are not consistent among cross-sectional studies. Studies on healthcare use for AD found positive correlations between medical visits for AD and air pollutants. As the air quality worsens in many areas globally, it is important to recognize how this can increase the risk for AD, to be aware of the increased demand for AD-related medical care, and to understand how to counsel patients regarding their skin health. Further research is needed to develop treatments that prevent or mitigate air pollution-related AD symptoms.
... UVA is the main component of UV light in the solar spectrum, making up 4−5% of the total solar irradiation. The intensity of UVA reaching the ground is relative to altitude, seasonal variation, and weather conditions, 46,47 ranging up to 7 mW cm −2 . 48−50 Specifically, the UVA intensity in Houston, TX, was approximately between 1 and 5 mW cm −2 measured at the ground level on a winter day, depending on the weather conditions. ...
In situ aging can change biochar properties, influencing their ecosystem benefits or risks over time. However, there is a lack of field verification of laboratory methods that attempt simulation of long-term natural aging of biochar. We exploited a decade-scale natural charcoal (a proxy for biochar) aging event to determine which lab-aging methods best mimicked field aging. We oxidized charcoal by ultraviolet A radiation (UVA), H2O2, or monochloramine (NH2Cl), and compared it to 10-year field-aged charcoal. We considered seven selected charcoal properties related to surface chemistry and organic matter release, and found that oxidation with 30% H2O2 most representatively simulated 10-year field aging for six out of seven properties. UVA aging failed to approximate oxidation levels while showing a distinctive dissolved organic carbon (DOC) release pattern. NH2Cl-aged charcoal was the most different, showing an increased persistent free radical (PFR) concentration and lower hydrophilicity. All lab oxidation techniques overpredicted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon release. The O/C ratio was well-correlated with DOC release, PFR concentration, surface charge, and charcoal pH, indicating the possibility to accurately predict biochar aging with a reduced suite of physicochemical properties. Overall, our rapid and verified lab-aging methods facilitate research toward derisking and enhancing long-term benefits of biochar application.
... A simple and effective preventative measure is to limit skin exposure to UV rays to preserve the integrity of the epidermis [61,62]. When in the sun, it is advisable to apply sunscreen products with PA+++ and SPF30 to protect the skin against UVA and UVB and to reduce UV-induced skin disorders [63][64][65][66]. Table 1 tabulates the air pollution adaptive capacity (APAC) indicators from a review of the existing literature. ...
This research proposes a set of 12 self-assessed air pollution adaptive capacity (APAC) indicators to determine and mitigate individual-level air pollution-related health risks. In the study, the APAC indicators were first statistically validated based on data from panels of experts using structural equation modeling. The validated indicators were subsequently transformed into a questionnaire to measure the individual-level APAC index. For ease of interpretation, the APAC index was converted into an APAC grade. The APAC grade was compared against the grading criteria based on Air Quality Index (AQI) levels to assess the individual-level health risks from air pollution. The proposed APAC-based self-assessment program to determine the individual-level health impacts from air pollution could be adopted as an economical and efficient alternative to costly and complicated clinical assessment.
... Photoaging attributed to chronic sun exposure [ultraviolet A (UVA) radiation] is a major contributor to skin aging (Gilchrest, 2013;Wang et al., 2014;Kammeyer and Luiten, 2015;Liu and Zhang, 2015). UVA exposure increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) production through oxidative metabolism in skin cells (Fabi and Sundaram, 2014;Bosch et al., 2015). ...
Ultraviolet A (UVA) radiation is the major contributor to skin photoaging, associated with increased collagen degradation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) expression. Adipokines have been proven as promising therapeutic agents for skin photoaging. However, adipokine therapy is generally limited by the short in vivo release duration and biological instability. Therefore, developing a treatment that provides a sustained release of adipokines and enhanced therapeutic effects is desirable. In this study, we developed a novel mechanical processing technique to extract adipose tissue-derived ECM components, named the “adipose collagen fragment” (ACF). The physical characterization, injectability, collagen components, residual DNA/RNA and adipokine release pattern of ACF were identified in vitro. L929 cells were treated with ACF or phosphate-buffered saline for 24 h after UVA irradiation in vitro. The expression of senescence-associated xβ-galactosidase (SA-β-gal), ROS and antioxidase were investigated. Then, we evaluated its therapeutic efficacy by injecting ACF and phosphate-buffered saline, as a control, into the dermis of photoaging nude mice and harvesting skin samples at weeks 1, 2, and 4 after treatment for assessment. The content of adipokines released from ACF was identified in vivo. The collagen synthesis and collagen degradation in ACF implants were evaluated by immune staining. Dermal thickness, fibroblast expression, collagen synthesis, ROS level, antioxidase expression, capillary density, and apoptotic cell number were evaluated by histological assessment, immune staining, and polymerase chain reaction in the skin samples. We demonstrated that ACF is the concentrated adipose extracellular matrix collagen fragment without viable cells and can be injected through fine needles. The lower expression of SA-β-gal, ROS and higher expression of antioxidase were observed in the ACF-treated group. ACF undergoes collagen degradation and promotes neocollagen synthesis in ACF implants. Meanwhile, ACF serves as a sustained-release system of adipokines and exhibits a significantly higher therapeutic effect on mouse skin photoaging by enhancing angiogenesis, antioxidant abilities, antiapoptotic activities, and collagen synthesis through sustainedly releasing adipokines. To sum up, ACF is an adipokines-enriched, sustained-release extracellular matrix collagen scaffold that can prevent UVA-induced skin photoaging in mice. ACF may serve as a novel autologous skin filler for skin rejuvenation applications in the clinic.
... Researchers has suggested the heavy black robes worn by Bedouins in desert thick black color fabric which absorbs more heat but does not affect the skin due to its thickness. Thin black clothing transmits the heat to the skin, cooling mechanism does not take place as sweat evaporation is not possible hence latent heat of vaporization does not occur (Liu and Zhang, 2015). ...
Radiation is used in medicine to diagnose and treat diseases but it can also cause harm to the body by burning or mutation. This depends on whether the radiation is ionizing or nonionizing. Despite its vast applications in surgery, dermatology and cosmetics, little is taught and thus known about non-ionizing radiation
This review article discusses the fundamentals of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiations. The main aim is to extensively explain the different types of non-ionizing radiation. This will equip students and medical personnel with knowledge on different medical applications and expose them to a variety of specializations in medicine that utilize non-ionizing radiation. The article discusses the physics, hazard, means of protection and medical application of each type of radiation: ultraviolet radiation, light (both visible light and LASER), infrared radiation, microwaves and extremely low frequency radiation separately. It presents these terms in a simple manner that avoids rigors mathematics and physics, which makes them comprehensible for medical students.
The development of new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches could also lead to increased hazards to the body unless they are treated with precaution. If not adequately monitored, a significant health risk may be posed to potentially exposed employees. Hence proper dosage should be used for non-ionizing radiation. This is only possible through understanding of the risks/benefits of these radiations by studying the physics and radiobiological effects of each individual radiation.
... First, the animals were acclimated in the experimental room for at least 30 min and then were intraperitoneally (i.p.) anesthetised with ketamine (90 mg/ kg) plus xylazine (30 mg/kg). After that, only the ears of mice were exposed to UVB radiation, while the body was protected with cotton cloth, which prevents the passage of UVB radiation, as described by Liu and Zhang (2015) [study that showed the clothing effect on human exposure to UVB radiation, which it was measured in different anatomical sites, using an ultraviolet radiometer UV-B 365 Probe (wavelengths 320-400 mm)]. ...
UVB radiation-mediated inflammation and the oxidative process involve the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channel activation in neuronal and non-neuronal cells. Once diosmetin has been identified as a novel TRPV1 antagonist, we evaluated the action of diosmetin from the inflammatory [ear oedema, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, histological changes, and cytokines levels] and oxidative [nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase and SOD activities] parameters in mice exposed to UVB radiation (0.5 j/cm²). We also verified the action of diosmetin on UVB radiation-induced inflammatory parameters after cutaneous nerve fibers denervation by RTX (50 µg/kg s.c.). The topical treatment with the novel TRPV1 antagonist, diosmetin (1%; 15 mg/ear), reduced ear oedema, MPO activity, and MIP-2 and IL-1β cytokines levels by 82 ± 8%, 59 ± 10%, 40 ± 12%, and 85 ± 9%, respectively. The action of diosmetin on ear oedema and inflammatory cell infiltration was histologically confirmed. Topical diosmetin (1%) also reduced NADPH oxidase activity by 67 ± 10% and reverted SOD activity by 81 ± 13%. After cutaneous nerve fibers denervation using RTX, diosmetin reduced ear oedema, but not the inflammatory cell infiltration in mice exposed to UVB radiation. Diosmetin can be a promising molecule against skin inflammatory disorders as a result of sunburn induced by UVB radiation exposure.
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