Figure 4 - uploaded by Narmin Ilgar Beydizada
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The relationship between gland volume and Drassodes body (prosoma) size (A) or its sex (B). Line (A) is estimated linear model, grey polygon is 95%, confidence band. Horizontal lines (B) are estimated means, bars are 95% confidence intervals.
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Personality traits, such as boldness and/or aggressiveness, have long been accepted to have a profound influence on many aspects of the lives of animals, including foraging. However, little is known about how personality traits shape the use of a particular attack strategy. Ground spiders use either venom or silk attack to immobilize prey. In this...
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Chihuahua is the largest state in Mexico. The ecosystem of this region is composed of large area of bushes, forests, and grasslands, which allows for a specific diversity of fauna; among them are interesting species of non-lethal scorpions. Most of the Chihuahuan scorpions have been previously morphologically and molecularly described; however, thi...
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... For example, the personality of the spider, Drassodes lapidosus, can be assessed through aggression (measured by whether the focal animal kills prey without consuming) and exploratory behaviour, termed boldness in the study (measured through exploration assays) (Beydizada & Pekár, 2023). These personality traits are linked to hunting strategy, with aggression or exploration predicting the hunting style of the spider depending on the type of prey (Beydizada & Pekár, 2023). ...
... For example, the personality of the spider, Drassodes lapidosus, can be assessed through aggression (measured by whether the focal animal kills prey without consuming) and exploratory behaviour, termed boldness in the study (measured through exploration assays) (Beydizada & Pekár, 2023). These personality traits are linked to hunting strategy, with aggression or exploration predicting the hunting style of the spider depending on the type of prey (Beydizada & Pekár, 2023). This example highlights the complexity of individual personality and the impacts it may have on behaviour. ...
... Personality and associated behavioural syndromes appear to be derived in part from a heritable component (Carere et al., 2005;Zablocki-Thomas et al., 2019), but can also be modulated by conditions like stress and environmental enrichment during development (Aspaas et al., 2016;Boogert et al., 2014;Jimeno et al., 2019). In both vertebrates and invertebrates, individual personality is linked to different adaptive behavioural strategies, for example, feeding strategies (Beydizada & Pekár, 2023), or patterns of dispersal (Cote et al., 2010). ...
Animal personality plays a key role in translocation success in both wild‐to‐wild and captive‐to‐wild translocations, with important implications for the success of conservation projects.
However, the majority of studies so far have explored the link between personality and translocation success in vertebrate translocations, and there has been less focus on how personality may influence the translocation of invertebrates.
We argue that there is a need for further research into how understanding invertebrate behavioural syndromes can inform conservation and translocation success.
The development of arthropod model systems for the study of translocation and personality could have the potential to provide new insights not only into the study of invertebrate reintroduction and translocation but also into a greater understanding of the role of behavioural syndromes in different ecological contexts.
... Spiders are one of the most behaviourally diverse and successful groups of terrestrial predators (Coddington & Levi, 1991), which challenges the conventional assumption of cognitive limitations in small animals (Cross et al., 2020;Jakob et al., 2011). The presence of personality types and their link with various behaviours have been observed in many spider species (Beydizada & Pek ar, 2023;Chang et al., 2017Chang et al., , 2018Foellmer & Khadka, 2013;Grinsted & Bacon, 2014;Liedtke et al., 2015;Michalko et al., 2017;Royaut e et al., 2015). Among spiders, salticids display some of the richest behaviours and individual variation (Chang et al., 2017(Chang et al., , 2018Chia-Chen, 2019;Harland & Jackson, 2004;Liedtke et al., 2015). ...
Jumping spiders display some of the richest visually mediated behaviours in nature. Vision is indeed the most important sensory modality in these spiders where motion detection and response to visual stimuli allow key behaviours such as hunting, escaping from predators and mating. These spiders have been used in various experiments demonstrating the existence of good associative learning and memory abilities, whose mechanism parallels that found in vertebrates. Here we focused on the habituation and dishabituation (H/DH) paradigm, indicating either a gradual decrease in responsiveness to repeated visual stimuli (H), or a recovery in response wherein the reaction towards a known stimulus is enhanced (DH). H is an elementary form of nonassociative learning and memory, which is expected to vary from individual to individual. The link between personality and H/DH has been shown in many vertebrates, but rarely in invertebrates. The jumping spider Menemerus semilimbatus was used in our study to address the question of whether boldness is related to H/DH. In our protocol, habituation was assessed by repeatedly presenting a visual stimulus on a screen to spiders tethered on a locomotor compensator. In the same individuals, boldness was assessed in a walking arena equipped with a shelter. We found that M. semilimbatus habituated and dishabituated to our visual stimulus and that they differed along a shy ebold axis. However, contrary to our expectations, boldness was not related to learning. In consideration of these results, we speculate that the nature (neutral value) of the stimulus might have played a role in making learning independent from boldness.
... The concept of repeatable individual behaviors or consistent individual behavioral variation (Laskowski et al. 2022) is increasingly being recognized in diverse taxa (Beydizada and Pekár 2023;Hunter et al. 2022;Kaiser and Müller 2021;Kralj-Fišer and Schuett 2014;Gosling 2001;Reinhold and Jacoby 2002;Sih et al. 2004;Bell et al. 2009). Marine invertebrates have repeatable behavioral traits (Rudin and Briffa 2012;Gutowsky et al. 2016) and even creatures as simple as cnidarians show repeatable fright responses (Rudin and Briffa 2012). ...
Diseases caused by ticks are often addressed as a traditional epidemiological mathematical puzzle, i.e., how many identical infected vectors, how many uniform potential hosts, and a dependable rate of transmission, etc. Although often useful at the population level, at the individual level disease transmission occurs when one tick bites one person. Just as we assign agency to people in their outdoor behavior and use of prophylactics against arthropods, perhaps we should also see ticks as individual actors? Are all ticks automa-tons that just quest and attach, or do they exhibit repeatable individual behaviors that affect transmission? We wanted to determine whether Dermacentor andersoni and D. variabilis adult ticks exhibited repeatable behaviors in four experiments. The experiments focused on left/right movement, attraction to CO 2 , photophilic tendencies, and avoidance of a repel-lant. We hypothesized that over two seasons we would find repeatable behavior patterns. In 2021, but not 2022, we found that within an experiment, individuals exhibited repeat-able behaviors between trials and between experiments, i.e., if an animal showed repeat-able 'adventurous' behavior in one experiment, this predicted adventurous behavior in a separate experiment. This strong evidence of predictable trait-like behavior was present in 2021 but was absent when we repeated the same experiments, with the same collection site, in 2022. This illustrates the importance of multiyear experimentation when testing for repeatable individual behaviors. Incidental to the study, we also observed that a major heat wave in 2021 altered the tick species composition (toward a more dry-adapted population) at our study site.
... 80 Spiders are one of the most behaviorally diverse and successful groups of terrestrial 81 predators (Coddington & Levi, 1991) which challenges the conventional assumption of 82 cognitive limitations in small animals (Cross et al., 2020;Jakob et al., 2011). The presence of 83 personality types and their link with various behaviors has been observed in many spider 84 species (Beydizada & Pekár, 2023;Chang et al., 2018Chang et al., , 2017Foellmer & Khadka, 2013;85 Grinsted & Bacon, 2014;Liedtke et al., 2015;Michalko et al., 2017;Royauté et al., 2015). 86 Among spiders, salticids display some of the richest behaviors and varied personality types 87 (Chang et al., 2018(Chang et al., , 2017Chia-Chen, 2019;Harland & Jackson, 2004;Liedtke et al., 2015). ...
Jumping spiders display some of the richest visually-mediated behaviors in nature. Vision is indeed the most important sensory modality in these spiders where motion detection and response to visual stimuli allow key behaviors such as hunting, escaping from predators, and mating. These spiders have been used in various experiments demonstrating the existence of good associative learning and memory abilities, whose mechanism parallels that found in vertebrates. Here we focused on the habituation and dis-habituation (H/DH) paradigm, indicating either a gradual decrease in responsiveness to repeated visual stimuli (H), or a recovery of the habituated stimulus (DH). H is an elementary form of non-associative learning and memory, which is expected to vary from individual to individual. The link between personality and H/DH has been shown in many vertebrates, but rarely in invertebrates. To tackle this question we tested whether personality affects H/DH in the jumping spider Menemerus semilimbatus. In our protocol, habituation was assessed by presenting repeatedly a visual stimulus on a screen to spiders tethered on a locomotor compensator. In the same individuals, personality (namely boldness) was assessed in a walking arena equipped with a shelter. We found that M. semilimbatus habituated and dishabituated to our visual stimulus and that they differed in personality along a shy-bold axis. However, contrary to our expectations, personality was not related to learning. We discussed the results and speculated that the nature (neutral value) of the stimulus might have played a role in making learning independent from personality
In a few species, males often face a choice between mating and/or cannibalizing females. Various factors influence this decision, making it essential to decipher the role of male behavioural variation. In particular, aggressiveness has been proposed to face sexual selection and increase the incidence of cannibalism in such systems. In this study, we investigated the role of male aggressiveness in the likelihood of reversed sexual cannibalism occurring in the female-cannibalistic ground spider Micaria sociabilis . We conducted behavioural experiments to measure male aggressiveness level, and to assess male mating behaviour, along with potential seasonal (spring and summer) and morphological traits (body size, female size). We found that male aggressiveness was a repeatable trait. However, it was not significantly linked to the likelihood of reversed cannibalism or to the likelihood of copulation. Similarly, aggressiveness did not affect the size of a mating plug. Seasonal variation significantly affected reversed cannibalism, with males more likely to engage in cannibalism during summer, while copulation frequency remained consistent between seasons. Additionally, while aggressiveness was not related to male attacks on females, seasonality had a notable impact, with males attacking females more frequently in summer, while females attacked males more in spring. These findings highlight the complexity of mating dynamics in M. sociabilis , pointing to a multifaceted interaction between intrinsic personality traits and extrinsic factors, such as ecological pressures and female condition. Significant statement In some species, males must navigate a trade-off between mating and cannibalizing their female partners. Our study presents surprising results on the complexities behind that choice in Micaria sociabilis spider. While male aggressiveness is often thought to increase the likelihood of cannibalism or mating success, our findings reveal it plays a less decisive role. Instead, seasonal shifts were stronger influences, with males behaving in a choosy way and being more prone to cannibalize in summer, while in spring females were choosier, likely due to high sexual receptivity, a consequence of what was zero reversed cannibalism. These insights challenge traditional views of male aggressiveness and highlight how external factors and mate quality, rather than personality traits, shape mating and cannibalism dynamics. This research offers a fresh perspective on how behavior and ecology intertwine in cannibalistic species.
