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Analysis of the chemical composition, amino acid profile and functional properties of the leaves and stem of Ipomoea aquatic (water spinach) was carried out using standard methods of food analysis. The results of the proximate analysis showed high crude protein in the leaves (17.48±0.035%) while the stem was lower in crude protein (1.74±0.042%). Th...
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... The plant was particularly rich in iron and manganese. Ndamitso et al. (2015) studied wild I. aquatica and found that the leaves of I. aquatica exhibited higher levels of magnesium (2300 ± 0.023 mg/kg), phosphorus (225 ± 0.003 mg/kg), iron (155 ± 0.020 mg/kg), zinc (25 ± 0.000 mg/kg), manganese (8 ± 0.002 mg/kg), and copper (36 ± 0.002 mg/kg) compared with the stems [37]. On the other hand, the stems had higher levels of sodium (1000 ± 0.020 mg/kg), potassium (5562.5 ± 0.003 mg/kg), and calcium (65.00 ± 0.01 mg/100 g). ...
... The plant was particularly rich in iron and manganese. Ndamitso et al. (2015) studied wild I. aquatica and found that the leaves of I. aquatica exhibited higher levels of magnesium (2300 ± 0.023 mg/kg), phosphorus (225 ± 0.003 mg/kg), iron (155 ± 0.020 mg/kg), zinc (25 ± 0.000 mg/kg), manganese (8 ± 0.002 mg/kg), and copper (36 ± 0.002 mg/kg) compared with the stems [37]. On the other hand, the stems had higher levels of sodium (1000 ± 0.020 mg/kg), potassium (5562.5 ± 0.003 mg/kg), and calcium (65.00 ± 0.01 mg/100 g). ...
... The plant contained approximately 24% of total nitrogen, indicating its potential as a good dietary source. There were 18 amino acids identified in varying proportions in I. aquatic [37]. Glutamic acid was found to be the amino acid with the highest content in both the leaves (11.91 ± 0.015 g/100 g protein) and stems (7.27 ± 0.020 g/100 g protein). ...
The rapid and unprecedented expansion of the global population highlights concerns about the sufficiency of food resources to sustain this growth. This study investigates and substantiates the feasibility of renewable food resources in order to meet the nutritional requirements of consumers. Three edible aquatic weeds, helencha (Enhydra fluctuans), malancha (Alternanthera philoxeroides), and kalmi (Ipomoea aquatica), were used to produce edible paper sheets. The composition of the raw aquatic weeds and paper sheet samples was analyzed, including the proximate composition, amino acid content, minerals and heavy metal contents, and bioactive compounds. The dried raw aquatic weeds and paper sheets showed similar proximate compositions, with carbohydrates being the highest component (50.38–64.63%), followed by crude protein (15.25–19.13%), ash (9.30–15.88%), and lipid (1.55–3.43%). The raw weeds and paper sheets were rich in essential minerals like Na, Ca, and Zn with contents ranging from 27.7 mg/100 g to 30.4 mg/100 g, 126.8 mg/100 g to 489.65 mg/100 g, and 4.5 mg/100 g to 16.3 mg/100 g, respectively. Acceptable levels of heavy metals, including Ni, Pb, and Cu, were found. The paper sheets contained seven essential and eight non-essential amino acids. Among the essential amino acids, the phenylalanine content was the highest at 2735.9 mg/100 g in E. fluctuans paper sheets, followed by methionine at 2377.29 mg/100 g in the raw E. fluctuans and histidine at 1972.6 mg/100 g in E. fluctuans paper sheets. A. philoxeroides sheets showed the highest total amino acid content (16,146.81 mg/100 g), while I. aquatica showed the lowest (13,118.67 mg/100 g). The aquatic weed paper sheets were rich in bioactive compounds, and the numbers in E. fluctuans, A. philoxeroides, and I. aquatica paper sheets were 31, 33, and 40, respectively. There were no significant changes in the nutritional content of the aquatic weeds in paper sheet form compared with the raw weeds, which suggests promising prospects for their production and consumption as a source of nutrition and bioactive compounds.
... The plant was particularly rich in iron and manganese. Ndamitso et al. (2015) studied on wild I. aquatica and found that the leaves of I. aquatica exhibited higher levels of magnesium (2300 ± 0.023 mg/kg), phosphorus (225 ± 0.003 mg/kg), iron (155 ± 0.020 mg/kg), zinc (25 ± 0.000 mg/kg), manganese (8 ± 0.002 mg/kg), and copper (36 ± 0.002 mg/kg) compared to the stems [36]. On the other hand, the stems had higher levels of sodium (1000 ± 0.020 mg/kg), potassium (5562.5 ± 0.003 mg/kg), and calcium (65.00 ± 0.01 mg/100g). ...
... The plant was particularly rich in iron and manganese. Ndamitso et al. (2015) studied on wild I. aquatica and found that the leaves of I. aquatica exhibited higher levels of magnesium (2300 ± 0.023 mg/kg), phosphorus (225 ± 0.003 mg/kg), iron (155 ± 0.020 mg/kg), zinc (25 ± 0.000 mg/kg), manganese (8 ± 0.002 mg/kg), and copper (36 ± 0.002 mg/kg) compared to the stems [36]. On the other hand, the stems had higher levels of sodium (1000 ± 0.020 mg/kg), potassium (5562.5 ± 0.003 mg/kg), and calcium (65.00 ± 0.01 mg/100g). ...
... 7 The plant contained approximately 24% of total nitrogen, indicating its potential as a good dietary source. Ndamitso et al. (2015) identified 18 amino acids in varying proportions in I. aquatic [36]. Glutamic acid was found to be the highest amino acid content in both the leaves (11.91 ± 0.015 g/100g protein) and stems (7.27 ± 0.020 g/100g protein). ...
Three edible aquatic weeds, helencha (Enhydra fluctuans), malancha (Alternanthera philoxeroides), and kalmi (Ipomoea aquatica), were used to produce edible paper sheets. The composition of the raw and paper sheet samples was analyzed, including proximate composition, amino acid content, minerals and heavy metal contents, and bioactive compounds. The dried raw and paper sheets showed similar proximate composition, with carbohydrates being the highest (50.38-64.63%), followed by crude protein (15.25-19.13%), ash (9.30-15.88%), and lipid (1.549-3.43%). The weeds and paper sheets were rich in essential minerals like Na, Ca, Zn, and Fe. Acceptable levels of heavy metals, including Ni, Pb, and Cu, were found. The paper sheets contained seven essential and eight non-essential amino acids. A. philoxeroides sheets showed the highest amino acid content (16146.81mg/100g), while I. aquatica showed the lowest (13118.67 mg/100g). The aquatic weeds paper sheets were rich in containing bioactive compounds and the number in E. fluctuans, A. philoxeroides, and I. aquatica paper sheets were 31, 33, and 40, respectively. There were no significant changes in the nutritional content of aquatic weeds in paper sheet form compared to the raw weeds which suggests promising prospects for the production and consumption as a source of nutrition and bioactive compounds.
... dry matter 10.30%, and organic matter 87.60% [2]. In addition, water spinach is also high in minerals and amino acids [3]. ...
... Viscosity, water absorption capacity, oil absorption capacity, wettability and Bulk density were analysed using the method of Ndamitso et al., (2015) while, the pH was measured through making a 10% (w/v) suspension of the sample in distilled water. ...
The nutrient contents of raw Ipomoea batatas and its syrup were determined using standard methods. The proximate parameters determined were the ash, moisture, fat, crude fibre, crude protein, carbohydrate and the calorific values. At p ≤ 0.05, the raw potato had a higher carbohydrate (69.41±0.71%) than the syrup (59.17±0.74%) but the latter had respective higher values of crude protein and ash (4.08±0.58% and 9.63±0.05%) than the former (3.03±0.23% and 3.55±0.57%). Both the 15.29±0.27 and 1.31±0.02%) crude fat and fibre contents of the raw potato were higher than the respective 10.09±0.13% and 0.53±0.00% of the syrup. The moisture content of the syrup (17.03±0.38%) was also higher than that of the raw sample but its calorific value of 343.82±1.03 kcal/100g was lower than that of raw Ipomoea batatas (427.43±3.61kcal/100g). The potassium, magnesium and zinc contents of the syrup were higher than those of the raw sample, the sodium, calcium, iron and phosphorus of the latter were higher. The amino acids profile of raw Ipomoea batatas and its syrup revealed that the raw sample had higher values than the syrup while the functional properties of the samples revealed that only the pH and oil absorption capacity of the raw sample were higher than those of the syrup. Therefore converting sweet potato to syrup was found to have enhanced most of its functional properties.
ABSTRAK: Kenaikan kos makanan ikan merupakan isu yang sering dihadapi oleh penternak-penternak akuakultur. Ini berikutan peningkatan harga bahan asas iaitu tepung ikan yang merupakan sumber protein utama bagi penghasilan pelet ikan. Justeru itu, bagi mengurangkan kos pengoperasian ternakan, penggunaan tepung ikan boleh digantikan dengan bahan alternatif yang mudah diperolehi, kos efektif, serta tidak menjejaskan pertumbahan ternakan seperti kangkung. Kangkung air, Ipomoea aquatica Forssk dan kangkung darat, Ipomoea reptans melalui proses analisa proksimat bagi mendapatkan data nilai nutrisi. Sampel kangkung air dan kangkung darat diproses melalui kaedah pengeringan pada suhu 60 ℃ selama 24 jam. Setelah kering, sampel dikisar dengan menggunakan mesin pengisar serbuk bagi mendapatkan tekstur yang halus dan disimpan pada suhu 4 ℃ sehingga analisis proksimat dijalankan. Analisa proksimat menunjukkan tepung kangkung air (TKA) mempunyai kadar protein kasar yang lebih tinggi iaitu 22.77% berbanding tepung kangkung darat (TKD) iaitu 19.63%. Kajian pemakanan menggunakan pelet yang diformulasi terhadap ikan tilapia, Oreochromis sp. mendapati ikan yang diberi makan pelet TKA menunjukkan kadar tumbesaran tertinggi iaitu 67.8 g berbanding pelet TKD. Secara keseluruhannya, melalui kajian yang dijalankan ini menunjukkan TKA berpotensi untuk dijadikan sebagai bahan asas tambahan dalam formulasi pelet ikan sekaligus dapat membantu mengurangkan kos operasi ternakan dalam industri akuakultur. Kata kunci: Tepung Ikan; Pelet Ikan; Kangkung 1. PENGENALAN Industri akuakultur global kini mempunyai rekod pengeluaran yang tinggi dan sektor ini akan menjadi semakin penting dalam menyediakan makanan disebabkan oleh pertambahan populasi manusia bagi memenuhi keperluan protein pengguna (Mengo et al. 2023). Hal ini terbukti apabila Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) 2022 mengeluarkan statistik sebanyak 23 juta tan ikan diperlukan untuk memenuhi keperluan protein manusia. Menurut FAO lagi, pada tahun 2030 dijangka sebanyak 90% pengeluaran akuakultur adalah untuk kegunaan manusia sahaja dan ini menunjukkan peningkatan sebanyak 15% berbanding tahun 2020. Ini bermaksud, penggunaan per kapita tahunan akan meningkat daripada 20.2 kg pada 2020 kepada 21.4 kg pada tahun 2030. Permintaan yang tinggi ini disebabkan oleh peningkatan pendapatan pengguna, kemajuan akuakultur seperti penambahbaikan dalam operasi dan pengedaran selepas tuaian serta perubahan dalam trend pemakanan pengguna. Oleh kerana perkembangan pesat akuakultur, makanan ikan menjadi komponen penting di mana lebih 50-70% daripada jumlah kos operasi dalam akuakultur adalah dari makanan ikan (FAO, 2018). Permintaan yang tinggi terhadap tepung ikan atau fish meal, iaitu bahan utama yang membekalkan sumber protein dalam penghasilan pelet telah menyebabkan kenaikan kos makanan. Tambahan, tumbesaran ikan bergantung kepada jenis dan nilai nutrisi makanan yang diberikan (Vishnu, 2023). Umum mengetahui, penternak memberikan pelet iaitu makanan formulasi kepada ikan yang diternak yang diformulasi menggunakan bahan utama iaitu tepung ikan. Tepung ikan adalah tepung mentah yang diperbuat daripada ikan yang melalui proses pengeringan dan dikisar sehingga hancur (Hodar et al., 2020). Tepung ikan merupakan bahan utama yang menyumbang kepada kandungan protein dalam industri pelet makanan ikan kerana ia tinggi kandungan protein dan mempunyai asid amino perlu (EAA) yang seimbang. Penambahan tepung ikan dalam formulasi makanan ikan dapat meningkatkan keberkesanan pelet yang dihasilkan, kualiti dan kadar pertumbuhan ikan yang lebih cepat (Hodar et al., 2020). Sektor akuakultur menggunakan lebih 70% daripada tepung ikan global, walaupun pelet makanan ikan hanya menyumbang 4% daripada jumlah pengeluaran industri makanan haiwan (Jannathulla et al., 2019). Penggunaan tepung ikan secara meluas dan pengekploitasian ikan telah menyebabkan jumlah ikan di laut semakin menurun. Kini banyak negara membangun telah menyedari bahawa penggunaan ikan sebagai sumber protein utama dalam penghasilan pelet makanan ikan, tidak akan selamanya kekal, kemungkinan mereka tidak mampu lagi membeli tepung ikan sebagai sumber protein utama dalam pelet. Tambahan pula, kepesatan teknologi mendorong industri akuakultur berkembang maju tetapi permintaan terhadap bekalan tepung ikan
Water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) is one of the most popular green leafy vegetables in Asia, with both aquatic and terrestrial characteristics. We report here its high-quality, chromosome-scale genome assembly through a combination of PacBio sequencing, short-read sequencing, 10 × Genomics and a high-density genetic map. This assembly contains 1,392 scaffolds (N50 = 2.75 Mb) covering 93.3% of the estimated genome (550.03 Mb). Of the assembly, 90% was anchored to 15 pseudo-chromosomes containing 162 scaffolds (415.77 Mb). We also assembled a complete chloroplast genome of 165, 294 bp with 111 genes, encoding 84 proteins, 8 rRNA, and 19 tRNA. This species includes 30, 693 predicted protein-coding genes. By clustering results of the genomes, there are 3,431 gene families specific to the four Ipomoea species and 34 gene families in common of O. sativa, U. gibba and I. aquatica. These genes from the 34 gene familes may be related to the aquatic characteristics of plants. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that I. aquatica and the lineage (I. nil, I. trifida and I. triloba) diverged around 7.1 million years ago. Synteny analysis revealed obvious one-to-one collinearity for all 15 pseudo-chromosomes between the genomes of water spinach and I. triloba, with small-scale interchromosomal rearrangements. Compared with Copia, there are more Gypsies in the genome of water spinach suggesting species-specific genome expansion of Gypsy in water spinach. The 4DTv analysis confirmed the WGD event in the ancestor of the Ipomoea lineage and Cuscuta lineage. Transcriptome analysis reveals that there are 23,828 genes co-expressed in roots, flowers, leaves and stems. We also found that heavy metal associated genes were expanded in the genome. The genome sequence is a valuable resource for functional genomics and the genome assisted breeding of water spinach.
The chemical compositions of fermented (24 and 48 h) and unfermented seeds of Cissus populnea obtained from Niger State, Nigeria were determined using standard analytical methods. The % total essential amino acids ranged from 37.62±0.08 (unfermented) to 40.24±0.04 g/100g protein (fermented for 24 h), % total conditionally essential amino acids ranged from 23.36±0.10 (unfermented) to 25.65±0.05 (fermented for 24 h), while % total non-essential amino acids ranged from 34.10±0.07 (fermented for 24 h)to 39.03±0.12 (unfermented) g/100g protein. The food functional properties like the foaming capacities ranging from 1.82±0.12 (unfermented) to 6.05±0.10 % (fermented for 48 h), oil absorption ranged from 0.65±0.01 (unfermented) to 0.70±0.03 mg/g (fermented for 48 h) and water absorption ranged from 1.89±0.53 (fermented for 24 h) to 2.03±0.11 mg/g (unfermented), bulk densities ranged from 0.39±0.33 (fermented for 48 h) to 0.61±0.11 g/cm3 (unfermented), while swelling capacities ranged from 1.92±0.28 (fermented for 48 h) to 3.50±0.36 % (unfermented) and emulsification capacities ranged from 42.03±0.36 (unfermented) to 54.21±0.52 % (fermented for 48 h). The physicochemical parameters determined were also observed to decrease as the fermentation days increased. Food processing technologies for exploiting the utilisation of C. populnea flours both fermented and unfermented should be promoted.
