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The prevalence rate of gallbladder polyps according to gender and age from October 2003 to March 2007. % means prevalence rate; F, female; M, male; T, total.
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We conducted this study to identify the risk factors for finding gallbladder polyps (GBP) in Korean subjects during health screening, and to determine the nature of the association between the presence of metabolic syndrome (MS) and the development of GBP METHODS: A total of 1,523 subjects were enrolled, comprising 264 with GBP (81 women and 183 me...
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... 43,606 subjects who received USG of abdomen at our center from October 2003 to March 2007, 3,701 subjects (8.5%) were found to have GBP. GBP were found in 2,468 subjects (10.5%) of 23,555 men and in 1,233 subjects (6.2%) of 20,051 women. An analysis of prevalence rates by age showed peaks in the fifth decade for men (10.3%) and in women (7.0%) (Fig. 1). The overall prevalence rate of GBP during the three month- study period (February to April 2007) was 7.9% (459/ 5,827). Prevalence of GBP during the study period was 9.2% (294/3,209) in men and 6.3% (165/2,618) in ...
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Citations
... In addition, bile acids and their combined effects may promote the progression of CRN. Lim et al. 9 showed that patients with MetS have a 2.35-fold higher risk of developing gallbladder polyps than those without. Segawa et al. reported that obesity can lead to gallbladder polyps 54 . ...
Although studies are available on the impact of gallbladder disease on the risk of colorectal neoplasia (CRN), the results are still debatable. We conducted a meta-analysis to summarize the correlation between gallbladder diseases and CRN. Eligible studies up to June 2024 were screened and retrieved using PubMed and Web of Science as well as by performing a manual review of references. Subgroup analyses stratified by region, location, and pathology of CRN were performed. Subgroup analyses stratified by classification and size of gallbladder disease were also performed. The pooled odd ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Sensitivity analyses were also performed. Begg’s test was conducted to determine the publication bias. A total of twenty studies were included. The results showed that gallbladder disease significantly increased the risk of CRN (OR = 1.20, 95%CI, 1.11–1.29, P < 0.001). Subgroup analyses showed that subjects with gallstones (OR = 1.14, 95%CI, 1.05–1.25, P = 0.003) or gallbladder polyps (OR = 1.23, 95%CI, 1.15–1.31, P < 0.001) had a significantly higher risk of developing CRN. Asians (OR = 1.21, 95%CI, 1.11–1.31, P < 0.001) with gallstones were more likely to develop CRN. Patients with larger gallbladder polyps (≥ 0.5 cm) were at a greater risk of developing CRN (OR = 1.96, 95%CI, 1.41–2.73, P < 0.001). Gallbladder polyps and gallstones increase the risk of CRN. Therefore, colonoscopy should be performed in patients with gallbladder disease, especially in those of Asian descent, as well as in people with large gallbladder polyps.
... Previous studies have shown that sex is an independent risk factor for GPLs, with the prevalence being higher in men than in women. [8,[11][12][13][14]21,22] Yamin et al [21] reported that age was not associated with the occurrence of GPLs. However, more available results suggest that age is a risk factor for GPLs, although there is no consensus at the age group level. ...
... [24] There is some controversy in the published literature regarding the association between HBV and GPLs. Lim et al [22] reported that HBsAg positivity was not associated with the incidence of GPLs. Evidence from most scholars, however, suggested not only that HbsAg positivity was an independent risk factor for GPLs but also that the risk of GPLs in HBsAg-positive subjects was approximately 2.5 times higher than that in HBsAg-negative subjects. ...
... This is consistent with the previous results published by Lim et al. [26] In addition, some studies have shown that ALT, AST, and fatty liver are not associated with GPLs. [21,22] To resolve this controversy, additional studies are needed to determine whether liver function abnormalities and fatty liver are risk factors for GPLs, as there is currently a limited number of studies on this topic. ...
Gallbladder polypoid lesions (GPLs) refer to any elevated lesion of the mucosal surface of the gallbladder wall, and the prevalence is estimated to be between 0.9% and 12.1%. GPLs include benign polyps and malignant polyps. Benign polyps are further classified as non-neoplastic polyps and neoplastic polyps. Cholesterol polyps are the most common benign polyps and adenocarcinoma is the main type of malignant polyp. Hepatitis B virus infection, liver function abnormalities, dyslipidemia, and obesity are the main risk factors for GPLs. Studies of biological mechanisms have focused on malignant gallbladder polyps, the development of which is regulated by hormone levels in vivo , gut microbiota, inflammation, oxidative stress, Salmonella typhimurium , and related molecules. Diagnostic modalities include chemical examination and imaging examination, with imaging examination currently being the mainstay. Treatment of patients with GPLs is based on the presence or absence of symptoms, age, size of the polyps, tendency of the polyp to increase, and risk factors for symptomatic malignancy to determine whether surgery should be performed.
... 6,8 Meanwhile, obesity-related metabolic disorders, such as dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome, may also affect GBP development. 2,11,12 Obesity and metabolic unhealthiness frequently coexist but do not always coincide, and the magnitude of metabolic disturbances can vary among individuals with obesity. 13 Although many individuals with obesity present with one or more metabolic abnormalities, some are metabolically healthy (MH), a subgroup that is reported to be less associated with insulin resistance. ...
... Recent studies have reported that metabolic syndrome is associated with an increased risk of GBP. 12,28 A study by Lim, et al. 12 including 1523 healthy screening subjects showed a 2.5-fold increased risk of GBP in individuals with metabolic syndrome. A cohort study comprising 23827 healthy participants also reported that metabolic syndrome was a significant risk factor for GBP (adjusted OR, 1.414; 95% CI, 1.046-1.912), ...
... 28 However, despite the established relationship between obesity and increased BMI with increased incidence and mortality of GBC, [6][7][8]29 there have been conflicting results regarding the association between obesity or increased BMI and GBP. 1,2,4,9,10,12,27,28,[30][31][32] Some studies have shown a significantly increased risk of GBP in obese or overweight individuals, 1,4,9,28 whereas other studies have suggested weak or null associations. 2,12,27,[30][31][32] Although the reason for the inconsistent results regarding the association between obesity or elevated BMI and GBP is uncertain, the limited sample sizes of the previous studies may have played a role in this inconsistency. ...
Purpose
Differences in the impact of obesity and metabolic health status on the risk of gallbladder polyp (GBP) remain uncertain. Herein, we aimed to compare the risk of GBP ≥5 mm among individuals with different phenotypes based on obesity and metabolic health status.
Materials and Methods
A cohort of 253485 asymptomatic adults who underwent abdominal ultrasonography screening were categorized into the following four groups according to obesity and metabolic health status: 1) metabolically healthy non-obese (MHNO), 2) metabolically unhealthy and non-obese (MUNO), 3) metabolically healthy but obese (MHO), and 4) metabolically unhealthy obese (MUO).
Results
The prevalences of GBP ≥5 mm were 2.4%, 3.1%, 3.7%, and 4.0% in the MHNO, MUNO, MHO, and MUO groups, respectively. The multivariable-adjusted odds ratio (OR) values for prevalence of GBP ≥5 mm by comparing the MUNO, MHO, and MUO with the MHNO group were 1.11 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.04–1.19], 1.30 (95% CI, 1.15–1.47), and 1.37 (95% CI, 1.28–1.45), respectively. The risk of GBP ≥5 mm in the MHO group was significantly higher than that in the MUNO group, but not significantly different from that in the MUO group.
Conclusion
Obesity and metabolic unhealthiness appear to be independent risk factors for the prevalence of GBP, and the impact of obesity is greater than that of metabolic unhealthiness, suggesting that maintaining both normal weight and metabolic health may help reduce the risk of GBP.
... However, in most cases, their clinical significance is unclear. Gallbladder diseases and colorectal polyps have some common risk factors such as older age, obesity, metabolic syndrome, glucose intolerance, and hyperlipidemia [4,6,7]. In addition, the gallbladder epithelium and the colorectal mucosal epithelium have a common epitope [8]. ...
... However, the underlying mechanism for the association could not be established. Both gallbladder polyps and colorectal adenoma have some common risk factors such as age, male, obesity, and metabolic syndrome [6,7]. An analysis of 21771 individuals by Segawa et al. [18] showed that obesity can lead to gallbladder polyps. ...
... Kim et al. [7] analyzed 1316 individuals and suggested obesity was an independent risk factor for developing colorectal adenoma. Lim et al. showed that patients with metabolic syndrome had a 2.35-fold higher risk of developing gallbladder polyps than those without [6]. Milano et al. [19] conducted a multicenter cross-sectional study on 5707 patients and showed that metabolic syndrome increased the risk of colorectal adenoma by 1.76-fold. ...
Abstract Background It has not yet been determined whether gastroscopy and colonoscopy screening help patients with gallbladder diseases. We aim to retrospectively investigate the relationship between gallbladder diseases and gastrointestinal polyps in order to provide a theoretical basis for the early screening of gastrointestinal polyps in patients with gallbladder disease. Methods This is a retrospective cross-sectional study involving 1662 patients who underwent gastroscopy, colonoscopy, and abdominal ultrasound as part of their health check-up from January 2015 to July 2020. We also compared the patients with and without gallbladder diseases to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal polyps. Results Patients with gallbladder polyps had greater odds of having colorectal polyps (adjusted odds ratio (OR)=1.77, 95% confidence interval [Cl]: 1.23 to 2.54, p=0.002) and gastric plus colorectal polyps (adjusted OR=2.94, 95%Cl: 1.62 to 5.32, p
... [9,10] Studies have demonstrated associations between GBPs, fatty liver disease (FLD), and metabolic factors. [7][8][9][11][12][13][14][15] However, controversy about the risk factors for GBP formation, especially in different study populations, remains. These risk factors must be reevaluated. ...
... The identification of GBPs has increased as a result of the increasingly universal use of high-resolution abdominal sonography during regular checkup. [8,9,15,21] Due to dietary changes (such as high-calorie and high-fat diets), the prevalence of metabolic syndrome has increased, and it had even been reported to be one of the risk factors for GBP formation. [7,8,11,12,14,15] This might also contribute to the increasing prevalence of GBP. ...
... [8,9,15,21] Due to dietary changes (such as high-calorie and high-fat diets), the prevalence of metabolic syndrome has increased, and it had even been reported to be one of the risk factors for GBP formation. [7,8,11,12,14,15] This might also contribute to the increasing prevalence of GBP. Our study demonstrated a significantly higher prevalence of GBP (19.9%) and higher proportion of fatty liver disease (FLD) in the GBP group (90%) than those reported in other studies. ...
Multiple studies have provided varied results on the relationship between gallbladder polyps (GBPs), fatty liver disease (FLD), and metabolic factors.
The purpose of this study was to determine the possible risk factors related to GBP formation in Taiwanese population through the use of health examinations.
In this retrospective study, 1311 subjects who underwent abdominal sonography for health evaluations from September 2019 to August 2020 were randomly enrolled. Baseline characteristics of the study subjects were recorded. Risk factors related to GBP formation were analyzed. All participants’ series of abdominal sonography examinations in our hospital were also retrospectively reviewed to reveal the presence of GBPs through second-look sonography.
Among 1311 participants, 946 participants (72.2%) had clinically evident FLD, as documented using abdominal sonography; GBPs were found in 233 (24.6%) subjects with FLD. The incidence of FLD was significantly associated with the presence of GBP (P < .001; OR: 4.16, 95% CI: 10.67–35.55). However, the severity of FLD was not found to be associated with GBP (P = .052). In a multi-variate analysis for risk factors for GBP formation, FLD (P < .0001, OR = 4.262, 95% CI: 2.17–8.34), younger group (P = .002; OR: 0.973, CI: 0.95–0.99), and alcohol consumption (P = .009; OR: 3.368, CI: 1.34–8.42) showed statistical significance. Among 1049 subjects in the nonGBP group, 56 (5.34%) persons were found to have had a GBP at least once in the other series of abdominal sonographies (P < .0001).
Conclusion
FLD, older age group, and alcohol consumption are major risk factors of GBP formation in Taiwanese population. The presence of GBPs might be revealed in second-look examinations of abdominal sonographies.
... First, as with most published studies in this eld, the quality of evidence is restricted by retrospective observational nature. Thus, variables including insulin resistance, family history, and lifestyles were not included in the analysis, especially the absence of waist circumference, which prevented us from investigating the association between metabolic syndrome, whose role with GPs has been endorsed, and CPs formation [40]. Third, the background uses of the lipid-lowering drug were not collected in the control group, which might in uence the evaluation of laboratory tests. ...
Purpose: Gallbladder polyps are often found in clinical examination, of which cholesterol polyps (CPs) account for the vast majority. However, there is limited evidence-based guidance on the management of CPs patients. This study aimed to determine the risk factors for CPs formation and provide bases for optimizing treatment and prevention strategies.
Methods: In this multicenter retrospective case-control study, patients with pathologically-proven CPs between September 2018 to June 2022 were included in the CPs group. The control group included age- and gender-matched subjects sonographically diagnosed without GPs or other gallbladder lesions, randomly selected from the health checkup center in a 1:1 (CPs: control) ratio. Clinical characteristics, ultrasound findings, and laboratory examination results were reviewed and compared between the two groups to determine the risk factors for CPs.
Results: In total, 3110 patients who met the inclusion criteria were equally enrolled in CPs and the control groups. The mean age of CPs patients was 41.66±13.18 years, with the highest proportion in the 30-39 years group. On multivariate analysis, triacylglycerol ≥ 2.3mmol/L, decreased high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and fatty liver were significantly associated with CPs (P < 0.001, P < 0.001 and P = 0.001, respectively). There was no strong correlation between CPs and other parameters, such as body mass index, blood pressure, total cholesterol, and liver function.
Conclusion: The morbidity of CPs displayed a younger trend and was closely associated with two types of dyslipidemia: decreased HDL and increased triacylglycerol. Moreover, fatty liver was found to be an independent risk factor for CPs.
... In a study, cholesterol supersaturation was observed in the bile of patients with cholesterolosis, but serum cholesterol levels were reported to be within normal limits [19]. The etiology of cholesterol polyps is thought to be cholesterolosis, which occurs after storing serum cholesterol in the gallbladder, aggregation of free sterols from the bile, or changes in liver cholesterol synthesis [20]. Demir et al. reported that LDL, HDL, and total cholesterol levels were approximately ten units higher in patients with cholesterol polyps than in the control group [9]. ...
There is a positive correlation between serum lipid levels and benign gallbladder diseases. We wanted to evaluate whether there is a relationship between the preoperative lipid profiles results with the presence of cholesterolosis, cholesterol polyps and cholelithiasis in the pathological examination. Patients who presented with various symptoms and underwent cholecystectomy surgery in a tertiary university hospital were retrospectively analyzed. Pathological examination records of 331 patients who had undergone cholecystectomy between 2016 and 2020 were obtained retrospectively. The latest lipid profiles results before the cholecystectomy were recorded. Patients were divided into groups according to their lipid profiles periods before cholecystectomy. The cholecystectomy reports of the patients were examined in terms of cholesterolosis, cholesterol polyp, and cholelithiasis. There was no difference between lipid profiles and the pathological subtypes in the patients whose lipid profiles were measured between 0-30 days and 0-90 days preoperatively. There was a significant difference in triglyceride levels between patients with cholesterol polyps and those without polyps, whose lipid profiles were measured within 90-180 days before surgery (p=0.031). There were significant differences in total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, and non-HDL levels between patients with and without cholesterolosis (p=0.017, p=0.037, p=0.048, p=0.019, respectively). There was a significant difference in triglyceride levels between patients with cholesterol polyps and those without polyps, whose lipid profiles were was measured within 0-180 days before surgery (p=0.023). There was a significant difference in total cholesterol, LDL, and non-HDL levels between patients with and without cholesterolosis (p=0.017, p=0.021, p=0.03, respectively). There is a positive correlation between preoperative serum lipid profiles and benign gallbladder diseases. The incidence of cholesterolosis and cholesterol polyps may increase after long-term exposure to high lipid concentrations. [Med-Science 2022; 11(2.000): 789-93]
... It was also found that GB polyps/stones are also related to colorectal polyps, consistent with recent studies [17,53]. This may be attributed to GB polyps/stones and colorectal polyps that share some risk factors, such as obesity and metabolic syndrome [54]. ...
Colorectal cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, and early detection has proven to be an effective method for reducing mortality. The machine learning method can be implemented to build a noninvasive stratifying tool that helps identify patients with potential colorectal precancerous lesions (polyps). This study aimed to develop a noninvasive risk-stratified tool for colorectal polyps in asymptomatic, healthy participants. A total of 20,129 consecutive asymptomatic patients who underwent a health checkup between January 2005 and August 2007 were recruited. Positive relationships between noninvasive risk factors, such as age, Helicobacter pylori infection, hypertension, gallbladder polyps/stone, and BMI and colorectal polyps were observed (p < 0.0001), regardless of sex, whereas significant findings were noted in men with tooth disease (p = 0.0053). A risk stratification tool was developed, for colorectal polyps, that considers annual checkup results from noninvasive examinations. For the noninvasive stratified tool, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of obese females (males) aged <50 years was 91% (83%). In elderly patients (>50 years old), the AUCs of the stratifying tools were >85%. Our results indicate that the risk stratification tool can be built by using random forest and serve as an efficient noninvasive tool to identify patients requiring colonoscopy.
... Many studies have reported that the prevalence of GBPs is higher among men than among women. [17][18][19][20][21][22] This study also showed that male gender was an independent risk factor for GBPs. To determine why male gender independently influences the prevalence of GBPs, we conducted an analysis for each gender and found that, compared with their female counterparts, male subjects had higher rates of metabolic syndrome, hepatitis B surface antigen positivity, and alcohol consumption, as well as a higher mean BMI and higher fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglyceride, AST, ALT, GGT, and ALP levels. ...
Gallbladder polyps (GBPs), especially GBPs ≥5 mm in diameter, are clinically important because they can progress to gallbladder cancer. The known modifiable risk factors for GBP are obesity, metabolic syndrome, and dyslipidemia; however, there is limited evidence regarding specific modifiable risk factors for GBPs ≥5 mm in diameter. Therefore, this study is aimed to investigate the existence of modifiable risk factors affecting the prevalence of GBPs and GBPs ≥5 mm in diameter in a Korean population.
A total of 10,119 subjects who visited a single health-screening center at Jeju National University Hospital between January 2009 and December 2019 was included in this study. Binary logistic analyses were performed to identify risk factors affecting the prevalence of GBPs and GBPs ≥5 mm in diameter.
The overall prevalence of GBPs and GBPs ≥5 mm in diameter were 9.0% and 4.1%, respectively. Multivariable analysis identified male gender as an independent risk factor affecting the prevalence of GBPs. Moreover, multivariable analysis revealed age and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels as independent risk factors for GBPs ≥5 mm in diameter.
This study showed that gender was a risk factor affecting the prevalence of GBPs and that age and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels were risk factors for the presence of GBPs ≥5 mm in diameter. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels could be a modifiable risk factor affecting the prevalence of large-diameter GBPs.
... It is important to know the risk factors that contribute to the formation of gallbladder polyp. These risk factors include male gender, high body mass index (BMI), old age, chronic hepatitis B and C, hyperlipidemia, obesity, glucose intolerance and metabolic syndrome (MS) [4,5]. MS is a combination of diseases which one's obesity, high triglyceride (Tg), low high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, hyperglycemia and hypertension [6]. ...
... The pathoge nesis of GP are not fully understood. S.H. Lim et al. concluded that obesity, together with MS and insulin resistance, was a possible risk for GP [5]. Studies suggest that obesity contributes to the formation of gallbladder cholesterol po lyps [20]. ...
... A limited number of recent studies have advocated the role of MS in the pathogenesis of GP [5,18]. However, in other studies, MS was not associated with the development of GP [22,23]. ...
Background. Gallbladder polyps are usually benign lesions originating from the mucosa and are usually detected incidentally during radiological examinations or after cholecystectomy. Gallbladder polyps are common and may have malignant risk. In this study, it was investigated whether metabolic syndrome (MS) is a risk factor for gallbladder polyps. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of MS and its components in patients with gallbladder polyps. Materials and methods. We conducted a retrospective, cross-sectional study. We investigated the age, gender and past medical history of 90 adults (45 with polyps, 45 without polyps). Body height and weight, body mass index, waist circumference and laboratory data were obtained from the hospital data processing system. National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III) and International Diabetes Foundation (IDF) MS diagnostic criterion were used for the diagnosis of MS. Results. 51.1 % (n = 46) of the subjects participating in the study were female and 48.8 % (n = 44) were male. The mean age was 58.79 ± 15.70 years. MS was found in 56.7 % (n = 51) of the cases according to the criteria of NCEP-ATP III and, in 64.4 % (n = 58) of the cases according to the IDF criteria. In patients with a gallbladder polyp, MS was detected in 55.55 % according to the criteria of NCEP-ATP III and in 66.66 % according to the IDF criteria. The rates of MS were not similar in the gallbladder polyp group and control group (p > 0.01). Abdominal obesity was found to be a risk factor for the development of gallbladder polyp (odds ratio: 14.23, 95% CI: 1.751–15.722; p < 0.01). Although it was not statistically significant, low HDL and hypertension were detected approximately 2 times higher in patients with gallbladder polyps than in the control group. Conclusions. While MS is not associated with the development of gallbladder polyp, obesity is seen as a sole risk factor.
