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Species diversity and density of all climbers were inventoried in five 1-hectare plots (at 45m to 350 m elevations) in a coastal hill forest of Pulau Pangkor in Perak. In addition, we analyzed pattern of community diversity using species richness and evenness. Total of 4901 climbers belonging to 45 species were recorded. Mean climber density was 87...
Citations
... The varied climbing mechanisms adopted by the climbers were similar to those studied in tropical forests by Jayakumar & Nair (2013) and Seger & Hartz (2014). According to several studies, stem twiners were the most frequent climbing plants in tropical forests (Gollasimood et al., 2012;Anbarashan & Parthasarathy, 2013). The most frequent climber species include Boerhavia diffusa L., Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd., The local people of the study area use Aristolochia indica for the treatment of snake bites. ...
The present study seeks to investigate the distribution patterns of angiosperm climbers within the Bhadrak district of Odisha, India, along with an assessment of the ecosystem services they provide. The ongoing inquiry into climbing plant species within the Bhadrak district reflects the diversity of 103 species distributed across 71 genera and 33 families. The three most diverse families are Convolvulaceae (22), Cucurbitaceae (15), and Fabaceae (14). Out of 103 climbing plant species, 72 species are herbaceous vines and 31 species are woody vines representing 69.9%, and 30.1%, respectively. The most common climbing method in the studied sites is stem twining, accounting for 70 species or 68% of the total, the second most common is tendril climbing (22 species, 21.4%), and the least, root climber (2 species, 1.9%). Local communities use these climbers for various purposes. It has been observed that out of 103 species, 61 species have medicinal properties (59.2%), 16 species have ornamental value (15.5%), 17 species are edible (16.5%), and the remaining 8 species have other uses (8.8%). These results indicate the importance of climber communities to plant diversity of Bhadrak district, enhancing the regional diversity and the conservation value of these forest remnants. Habitat degradation because of rapid development activities with limitation of the supporting tree species is found to be a serious threat to climbing plants. Employing a multifaceted strategy such as securing their habitats through protection, restoration, managing invasive species and promoting collaboration among local stakeholders and organizations, ensures the preservation of these vital plants, sustaining biodiversity and ecosystem health for the future.
... No significant research contribution has yet been carried out on climber distribution in Pakistan, apart from [12], which explored the climber diversity from Murree Forests. A variety of studies documented the diversity and distribution of climbers, e.g., in Africa [14][15][16], South America [17,18], Central America [19], and Asia [13,[20][21][22][23][24][25][26]. In Pakistan, the majority of prior studies largely concentrated on trees and shrubs, with little attention paid to climbing plants despite the diverse functions of climber plants in ecosystems [27]. ...
Climbing plants have an important role in forest communities and ecosystems. Despite the significance of the climbers in ecosystems, most of the previous research work in Pakistan has been concentrated on trees, shrubs, and herbs, with little attention paid to climbing plants. The current study investigated the ecology of climbers and the influence of soil characteristics on diversity, richness, and indicator species distribution in the Changa Manga Forest Plantation, Punjab, Pakistan. Field surveys were carried out between 2020 and 2021, with the data gathered using a random sample approach for ordination and cluster analysis of each plant species and edaphic data from sample plots. We reported a total of 29 climber species belonging to 23 genera and 9 families from the area. The Convolvulaceae family was the most prevalent, followed by Apocynaceae and Cucurbitaceae. Herbaceous climbers were the typical life form (70% species) and species showed peak flowering during the months of August and September. The multivariate analysis and cluster analysis grouped the climbers into four distinct communities based on the indicator species, representing filtering of the species pool in the studied area. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) results showed that soil factors had a significant influence (p ≤ 0.002) on the climbers’ diversity and distribution pattern. Our research contributes to a deeper understanding of climbing plant ecology in response to soil variables, with immediate consequences for policy and practice in this Himalayan region, as well as research insights for neighboring Himalayan regions and elsewhere in the world.
... No significant research contribution has yet been carried out on climber distribution in Pakistan, apart from [12], which explored the climber diversity from Murree Forests. A variety of studies documented the diversity and distribution of climbers, e.g., in Africa [14][15][16], South America [17,18], Central America [19], and Asia [13,[20][21][22][23][24][25][26]. In Pakistan, the majority of prior studies largely concentrated on trees and shrubs, with little attention paid to climbing plants despite the diverse functions of climber plants in ecosystems [27]. ...
Climbing plants have an important role in forest communities and ecosystems. Despite the significance of the climbers in ecosystems, most of the previous research work in Pakistan has been concentrated on trees, shrubs, and herbs, with little attention paid to climbing plants. The current study investigated the ecology of climbers and the influence of soil characteristics on diversity, richness, and indicator species distribution in the Changa Manga Forest Plantation, Punjab, Pakistan. Field surveys were carried out between 2020 and 2021, with the data gathered using a random sample approach for ordination and cluster analysis of each plant species and edaphic data from sample plots. We reported a total of 29 climber species belonging to 23 genera and 9 families from the area. The Convolvulaceae family was the most prevalent, followed by Apocynaceae and Cucurbitaceae. Herbaceous climbers were the typical life form (70% species) and species showed peak flowering during the months of August and September. The multivariate analysis and cluster analysis grouped the climbers into four distinct communities based on the indicator species, representing filtering of the species pool in the studied area. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) results showed that soil factors had a significant influence (p ≤ 0.002) on the climbers’ diversity and distribution pattern. Our research contributes to a deeper understanding of climbing plant ecology in response to soil variables, with immediate consequences for policy and practice in this Himalayan region, as well as research insights for neighboring Himalayan regions and elsewhere in the world.
... Vegetation differences found in a plant community can be influenced by various factors, either by biotic or abiotic factors, e.g., soil saprophytic microbes, root-fungal associations and altitude difference (Ghollasimood et al., 2012;Ushio et al., 2017). This will have positive or negative impact on the plant community because they have to compete for a continuous supply of nutrients and water, as the same soil characteristics and natural factors are shared and are limited to all plants within the habitat area (Laksana et al., 2018). ...
In the vicinity of Kinabalu Park, Sabah, a study was conducted to determine the plant community and its composition in the habitat of Rafflesia sp. and its host, Tetrastigma sp. A total of 5 circular-shaped plots each with a fixed radius of 20 meters, were located around Kinabalu Park, namely in Losou Podi, Losou Minunsud, Sayap Substation, Langanan and Gansurai. The Rafflesia species detected in Kinabalu Park during the present study were Rafflesia pricei and R. keithii. Overall, 19 Rafflesia individuals were detected, which comprised of 3 flowers and 16 buds. A total of 20 scars from former dead flowers and buds were obtained on the host, where they possessed an average diameter of 2.2-4.8 cm from the five plots. There were 778 individuals recorded for plant community, belonging to 111 genera, 53 families and 250 species. The total tree density was 1238 individuals/ha, where the family Lauraceae (11.05%) had the highest individuals followed by Annonaceae (8.61%). Although the species Baccaurea lanceolata were found in all study plots, the species Xantophyllum macrophyllum has the most individuals detected (3.60%) in the plant community habitats. The value of the Shannon-Wiener Index was H'=3.23 and the Evenness Index is low, E=0.10. The percentage of family similarity between plots was high (SBC=70.19-48.23%), but the percentage of species similarity between plots was very low (SJ=4.31-1.54%). This study shows that both the species of Xanthophyllum macrophyllum and Baccaurea lanceolata have a relationship with the habitat of Rafflesia in Kinabalu Park, as both species were located nearest to the Rafflesia's host. Moreover, these two species were seen to be well associated with Tetrastigma since the Tetrastigma was observed to climb several trees of these species in the plot.
... Climbers thought that they were demanding light due to their rapid growth in high light. In the early phase of development, climbers need light to germinate, and light supply can constrain their establishment and production [18]. Climbing plants rely on the existence of physical support to enter the canopy and thus protect neighbouring plants from shading [13]. ...
... Climbing mechanism was an adaptation for every climbers' species in order to survive among other plants especially huge trees. Climbers depend on the availability of a physical support to reach the canopy [18]. The previous researchers had classified several ways of climbing mechanism which were (a) hook climber, (b) tendril climber, (c) twiner and (d) root climber [21]. ...
... Besides, some of them have thorns or prickles that aid them to grip on another tress. These climbers have hooks that actively support them in ascending or leaning against the hosts [18]. There was only one species identified as hook climbers that were found in the study sites which was Smilax calophylla from Smilacaceae family. ...
Species diversity of climbers were inventoried in four nature trails of Agro Techno Park Universiti Malaysia Kelantan (UMK), Jeli campus. The purpose of this study was to determine the diversity, composition and abundances of climbers in Agro Techno Park Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Campus. Samples of the climbers were randomly collected from four natural trails for herbarium preparation and preserved using 70% ethanol solution. The preservation was done by putting the samples in zip lock transparent bag that contained of 70% ethanol solution. The samples were oven-dried at 30-40 °C, mounted and labelled before identification. The diversity pattern of the climbers was analyzed by using Shannon Diversity Index, Shannon Evenness Index, Margalef Richness Index, Abundance Parameters and Importance Value Index (IVI). A total of 593 climbers belonging to 35 species were recorded. Family Fabaceae was the most diverse plant from the climbers’ family which consisted of 4 genera and 5 species. This was followed by family Menispermaceae, Melastomataceae, Connaraceae, Apocynaceae, Rubiaceae and Vitaceae. The result obtained indicated that alteration of the ecological environment through natural disturbances influenced the abundance and distribution of climbers.
... Distribution and abundance of climbers are affected by microclimate variables like elevation, humidity and light intensity and soil texture (Faridah-Hanum, 2012). According to Proctor as cited in Balfour and Bond (1993) found that Climbers richness more in lower elevation than higher one, where the nutrients came with the floods, than in the higher altitude forest. ...
... Climbers are positively correlated with tree and shrub diversity (Garbin, Carrijo, Sansevero, Sánchez-Tapia, and Scarano, 2012).Associated species play important role in ecology of climbers. Climbers are also related with tree diversity positively as stated by (Muoghalu and Okeesan, 2005).In Coastal Hill Forest in Perak, Malaysia, (Faridah-Hanum, 2012) found out that climber diversity was related with tree diversity and richness. Climbers play important role in forest regeneration and retardation. ...
... According to Alexander and Millington (2000) vegetation pattern changes when climatic factors and topography changes. Like Alexander and Millington (2000) (Faridah-Hanum, 2012) reported that there is changes in composition of vegetation with environmental variables like elevation, temperature and precipitation. Bhutan experience great variation in climatic conditions even in small areas (Dorji, Olesen, Bøcher, and Seidenkrantz, 2016). ...
Climber have been known and valued since early civilization as Non-wood forest product as well as medicinal plants worldwide. This study was conducted to determine the composition and diversity pattern of climber along altitudinal gradient in the forest of Agoorthang and Jangsa Chiwog under Langchenphu Gewog. Systematic sampling was used as sampling method with three elevational transects of 10 X 10 m. A total of 152 plant species from 30 plots were recorded. Asteraceae, Rosaceae, Fabacea and Viteacea were dominant families. Mean richness ranged from 0.78 – 1.28 between three elevational zones. Species richness and Shannon index were maximum in the lowest elevation and least at higher elevation. One-way ANOVA showed significant difference in climber richness and diversity at different elevations. Two forest type were identified through cluster analysis to study climber association in different forest types. No significant relationship was found between the diversity indices of climber and the diversity indices of associated species. Lowest elevational zone had higher temperature, and precipitation. Non-metric dimensional scaling ordination showed that temperature, slope, and aspect showed positive relationship whereas elevation and dominance showed negative relationship. Diversity of climber was high in lower elevational zone where temperature (23.89 0C) was higher than at rest of the elevation. Thus, there was variation in diversity of climber along the altitudinal gradient in forest of Bhutan. The detailed study of climber with response to environmental variables showed that climbers are affected by temperature, slope, elevation and dominance in the study area. For further studies on climbers, a detailed description of climber composition above 1250 m.a.s.l along with other environmental parameters and soil nutrient composition is suggested. Exploitation of medicinal climbers is high in study area, for that proper management plan and monitoring should be adopted by concerned authorities for floral conservation.
... Tinomiscium petiolare is a medicinal species of the genus Tinomiscium. This species is found in China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam (Forman, 1988;Ho, 2000;Ghollasimood et al., 2012). The plants grow naturally and sparsely in mixed forests at elevations from 200 to 600 m. ...
Background. Tinomiscium petiolare Hook.f. & Thomson is a medicinal species of the family Menispermaceae. This species is currently being intensively exploited for therapeutic purposes. Precise and rapid identification of T. petiolare is critical and essential for the classification, propagation, use and conservation of its genetic resources. In recent years, DNA barcoding has been known to be a fast and sensitive method for identifying species at any stage of development, using short DNA sequences. In this study we have performed the identification of T. petiolare specimens in Vietnam based on the sequence analysis of 4 DNA barcode loci: ITS, matK, rbcL and rpoC.
Materials and methods. Total DNA was extracted from leaf samples using DNeasy Plant Mini Kit. PCR amplification of the ITS, matK, rbcL and rpoC regions was carried out on the GeneAmp PCR System 9700 with specific primers. The purified PCR products were sequenced on the ABI 3500 Genetic Analyzer system, using BigDye®Terminator v3.1 Cycle Sequencing Kit. These genetic sequences were analyzed and compared, and a phylogenetic tree was constructed using BioEdit, BLAST, and MEGA 6 programs.
Results and conclusion. The success rate of amplification and sequencing was 100% for all 4 DNA barcode loci (ITS, matK, rbcL and rpoC) in the studied specimens. The produced sequence sizes of ITS, matK, rbcL and rpoC in the specimens were 574 bp, 810 bp, 527 bp and 488 bp, respectively. Further, we identified that all studied specimens were genetically related to each other and associated with the same species T. petiolare. Overall, the results of the study generated the most complete DNA barcode database of T. petiolare collected in Vietnam, contributing to the taxonomy and identification of this species.
... This difference could be due to seasonal variation, where most of the shrubs and herbs die (Araujo and Alves, 2010). Similar finding was reported by Ghollasimood et al. (2012) where association of associated species was not significant. ...
... Similar and different data on the diversity, abundance and richness of climber species were also documented from other forests in the world, for example; Villagra et al., (2013) recorded 72 climber species abundance between Nascentes-de-Paranapiacaba Municipal Natural Park (NPMNP) and Alto da Serra-de-Paranapiacaba Biological Reserve (ASPRB) in the Atlantic Forest, Brazil which varied significantly because of the succession and current disturbance in the ASPRB forest. Ghollasimood et al., (2012) reported 4901 climber individuals belonging to 45 climber species in 37 genera of 20 families, in Perak coastal hill forest, Malaysia. Forty nine climbers comprising of (35 lianas and 14 vines) species spread over 41 genera and 28 families in the Nigerian secondary forests were reported by Muoghalu & Okeesan, (2005), 53 climber species at Lambir, Malaysia (Putz & Chai, 1987), 69 climber plants in the low lands forest of Ecuador (Gentry, 1991) with a variety of 35 to 50 hemiepiphytes and lianas per 0.1 ha for five plots and 12 to 65 liana climbers per 0.1 ha in terra-firme in Yasunni, Ecuador (Nable-Nielsen, 2001) in neotropical forest of America. ...
... Overall the top five most abundant families were Apocynaceae, Leguminosae, Rosaceae, Capparaceae and Menispermaceae. Other studies reported that Annonaceae, Arecaceae, Leguminosae, Sterculiaceae and Connaraceae were among the maximum abundant climber families (Putz & Chai, 1987;Gentry, 1991;Appanah et al., 1993;Kammesheidt et al., 2009;Di-Negeri et al., 2012;Ghollasimood et al., 2012). ...
... Furthermore, it was found that climbers also favor growth adjacent to high EC, low grazing and anthropogenic pressure areas. This finding was dissimilar to other studies where lianas were found in abundance at lower altitude (Proctor et al., 1983;Appanah & Putz, 1984;Putz & Chai, 1987;Campbell & Newberry, 1993;DeWalt et al., 2006;Wai, 2009;Ghollasimood et al., 2012;). Therefore it was generally indicated that different locality, habitat and variation in the altitudinal gradient are possible factors that limit the distribution and abundance of lianas as suggested by previous published studies (Hegarty, 1991;Givnish, 1998;Bhattarai & Vataas, 2003;Schnitzer, 2005). ...
Climbers play diverse roles in the biology of forests. Climber species due to its fragile nature are sustible to any change in the forests. Knowledge about climber species in the forests is relatively inadequate and this is the first effort to report the climber plant species in Pakistan. Ecological methods were used to find out climbers abundance, distribution and their relationship with trees/ shrubs in five 1-ha plot range of 735 m to 1754 m elevation at sea level at five localities viz., Baroha, Ghoragali, Numbal, Patriata and Salgaran in the Murree Forests in Western Himalaya, Pakistan during the year of 2016-2017. An overall 3400 climbing plants belonging to 23 species, 19 genera and 13 families were identified and described. Apocynaceae (22%) was the most leading family followed by Ranunculaceae (13%) Rosaceae (13%) and Menispermaceae (9%). Based on our findings the climber species are classified into four classes based on their habit/ form as well. The dominant class was represented by twining climbing mode (43%) followed by woody (30.4%) and hook mode (22%) while tendrils (4.3%) were rare. The abundance and distribution of climber plants were affected by parameters like biotic factors (collection pressure, grazing pressure and No. of hosts) and abiotic factors (topographic and edaphic). Canonical Corresponding Analysis (CCA) indicated that grazing and collection pressures along with elevation were the most important factors influencing the distribution and abundances of climbers. Documentation of the climbers is imperative in the context of increasing forest disturbances, deforestation and fragmentation of forest habitat. Current study will lead towards many other detail studies on climbers in near future.
... The area is fully covered with turf grass. The climate is typically humid tropical and seasonal heavy rain, and February and March are the driest months, with the mean annual rainfall of 1,820.23 mm [21]. ...
... The results attained showed that the soil was a sandy loam. Several other studies concerned with the soil type also found that the soil type in Perak was mainly sandy [21,22]. ...
The use of a sprinkler irrigation system is becoming more popular to reduce water consumption and increase irrigation efficiency. Irrigation uniformity plays an important role in the performance of the sprinkler irrigation system. The use of low operating pressure instead of high operating pressure system offer many benefits including energy and water saving. An experimental study was performed using two systems; a square 12x12 m system and a rectangular 10x12 m system to investigate irrigation uniformity based on soil moisture content of the sprinkler irrigation system under low operating pressure. In addition, irrigation uniformity was compared based on water application and soil moisture content. In this study, different low operating pressures (62, 82, 102 and 122 KPa) were selected. Different nozzle diameters (4, 5, 6 and 7 mm) and different riser heights (0.5, 0.75, and 1.0 m) were also used. The soil moisture content uniformity of 10 min after irrigation are more dependent on the initial soil moisture content uniformity than any other design factor. It is also less influenced by water application uniformity.
