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The percent of DNA in the tail as measured in the comet assay before (fresh) and after cryopreservation of sterlet spermatozoa without (cryopreserved) and with supplementation of 10 μg/mL AFPI (cryopreserved + AFP). Values with different lower-case letters are significantly different (p < 0.05, non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA followed by multiple comparison of mean ranks for all groups).

The percent of DNA in the tail as measured in the comet assay before (fresh) and after cryopreservation of sterlet spermatozoa without (cryopreserved) and with supplementation of 10 μg/mL AFPI (cryopreserved + AFP). Values with different lower-case letters are significantly different (p < 0.05, non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA followed by multiple comparison of mean ranks for all groups).

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The present study aimed to evaluate cryo-injury during the cryopreservation process in sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus) sperm, focusing on ultrastructural characteristics. Post-thaw sperm quality parameters, including total motility rate, curvilinear velocity (VCL), linearity (LIN), plasma membrane integrity, antioxidant status, DNA damage, and fine ul...

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... The cryopreservation of fish sperm includes various species, such as sturgeons, salmon, mullet, bream, grouper, cod, snapper, carp, and eel. In these species, cryoinjury manifests as swollen, ruptured, or dehydrated heads, flagella, midpieces, and tails, along with swollen or absent mitochondria and damaged or missing plasma membranes (Dadras et al. 2022;Díaz et al. 2019;Balamurugan et al. 2019;Taddei et al. 2001;Tian et al. 2015;Ottesen et al. 2012;Liu et al. 2007Liu et al. , 2010Tsai et al. 2010;Yao et al. 2000). Ninhaus-Silveira et al. (2009) attempted to cryopreserve the embryos of Prochilodus lineatus using propylene glycol. ...
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Climate change has profoundly impacted coral reefs worldwide, resulting in a concerning and irreversible deterioration. Preserving the biomaterials of coral species is essential, and cryopreservation presents a viable method for achieving this goal. This study aimed to evaluate cryoinjury via ultrastructural data. The planulae of Stylophora pistillata were subjected to vitrification and nanolaser warming utilizing species-specific vitrification solutions with gold nanoparticles. Ultrastructural analysis of the planulae using a transmission electron microscope to assess the cryoinjury incurred during cryopreservation. The results indicated that swimming planulae sustained greater cryoinjuries compared to their immobile counterparts. These cryoinjuries included swelling of the microvilli, breakage of the flagella in the epidermis, tissue fragmentation, disintegration, and cell loosening. Symbiodiniaceae exhibited abnormalities ranging from mild (chloroplast swelling and degraded chromosomes) to severe (nucleus margination and stroma darkening), with membrane blebbing being a common moderate abnormality. Cryoinjuries also resulted in shrunken Symbiodiniaceae and disintegrated lipid bodies. Despite the observed cryoinjuries, both swimming and immobile planulae can be used for cryopreservation. The ultrastructural evidence gathered in this study can help to improve cryopreservation protocols for S. pistillata and other scleractinian corals by enhancing settlement and post-settlement survival.
... An important factor in evaluating cryopreserved sperm is the structural and functional integrity of the membrane [10]. The addition of AFP III in the cryomedium has been shown to significantly improve the plasma membrane integrity of cryopreserved sperm in a variety of species, such as Pacific abalone (Haliotis discus hannai) [26], sterlet [27], and gilthead seabream [24]. Moreover, mitochondrial function plays a crucial role in sperm fertilization potential [28]. ...
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... As mentioned above, despite the availability of various optimized protocols for cryopreservation of sturgeon spermatozoa, quality of sturgeon sperm, as well as of most fish species, declines significantly during the freeze-thaw process, affecting fertilization and hatching rates. Several studies related to the cryo-injury of sturgeon sperm during the cryopreservation process, have been reported focusing on various sperm quality parameters, such as sperm motility and fertilization ability, plasma membrane integrity, the level of LPO and carbonyl derivatives of proteins (CP), antioxidant status, DNA damage, morphology and fine ultrastructure [7,31,45,47,169,178,192]. Molecular and subcellular cryo-injury of frozen/thawed fish spermatozoa was reviewed by [188]. ...
... Also, it has been established that products of LPO exhibit genotoxicity and mutagenicity and may affect mature spermatozoa [8]. Accumulation of the LPO carbonyl by-products, which react with thiobarbituric acid (TBARS) is a key sign of LPO intensification and is widely used as an oxidative stress indicator during cryopreservation [17,18,[21][22][23]47,87,99,141,142,150,169,171]. As shown by Shaliutina et al. [169], the loss of motility and speed of Russian and Siberian sturgeon spermatozoa, as well as the loss of DNA integrity during short-term storage in vitro, may be associated with oxidative stress, since it is accompanied by the accumulation of TBARS and CP in spermatozoa, which significantly impair the cellular metabolism of spermatozoa, which leads to subsequent decrease in motility indicators. ...
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... And also the results showed that in partial changes in the ultrastructural compartments, weakening of the midpiece and rupture of the plasma membrane of the flagellum were seen. The author believes that this damage is not due to oxidative stress that can occur in cryopreserved sperm; expressed that there is physical damage that occurs during the formation of ice crystals during freezing process [51]. ...
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In this section, cryopreservation of fish genetic resources, which is one of the important applications to ensure the sustainability of genetic resources of freshwater fish species, is discussed. At the same time, information is provided about the possible sources of contamination that may be encountered during cryopreservation applications. In this context, the results of sperm, egg, and embryo cryopreservation studies of fish and their success and failure in applications were evaluated in addition to the process from past to present. Information is given about the contamination that may develop depending on the applications in the process of cryopreservation and dissolving processes, as well as the studies carried out to eliminate extracellular disease agents. In the section, in addition to the evaluation of the results of scientific studies, commercial companies that commercially carry out gamete cryopreservation applications are also included. The contamination that may develop depending on the applications in the process of cryopreservation and thawing processes, as well as the studies carried out to eliminate extracellular disease agents are mentioned.
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Schizothorax plagiostomus commonly known as snow-trout, is a popular game-food fish, found in the cold waters of the rivers, streams, tributaries and lakes of the Hindukush- Karakoram- Himalayan mountains/ foothills even at the elevation of 1180–3000 m above from the sea level and is considered to the be major source of animal protein. In recent past, there has been a severe decline in Schizothoracine population due to uncontrolled anthropogenic activities and climate change. Therefore, there is an urgent need for critical analysis of annual gonadal development in Schizothorax species. In this study, the seasonal variations of testicular architecture and development were examined in adult S. plagiostomus at Garhwal Himalaya, Uttarakhand, India. Testicular-somatic index were found to be ranged from 0.254 ± 0.06–7.104 ± 1.62 with maximal value recorded in September-October and minimal in April-May. Testicular histology revealed abundance of undifferentiated spermatogonia, meiotic spermatid and spermatozoa in pre-spawning and spawning capable phases respectively. The ultra-structure of spermatozoa showed 1.78 ± 0.27 µm long ovoid shaped head without any acrosome, 0.35 ± 0.05 µm long ellipsoidal mid-piece and 22.5 ± 0.65 µm long flagella. We further have evaluated the milt/semen volume, estimated the sperm density and motility in male brooders. Notably the spermatogenic capacity was found to be consistent in two breeding seasons e.g. spawning capable (September-October) and residual spawning (February-March) phases. In summary, this is the first comprehensive qualitative and quantitative report of the seasonal variations of the spermatogenic output in adult male S. plagiostomus. This data may provide valuable information for the conservation management and artificial breeding program of S. plagiostomus.