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The orientation of efforts. Neutral position (N). Extension (E), right posterior oblique (RPO), right lateral flexion (RLF), right anterior oblique (RAO), left posterior oblique (LPO), left lateral flexion (LLF), left anterior oblique (LAO) and flexion (F).
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INTRODUCTION:Cervical functional capacity outcome measures that are simple and reliable are urgently needed in order permit accurate assessment/reassessment during treatments and rehabilitation. Induced neck muscle fatigue has been shown to alter functional capacities such as balance and kinaesthetic sense in the standing posture. The Rod and Frame...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... the isometric contraction, the experimenter would give a verbal cue in order for the participant to either increase or decrease the cervical muscle force against the weight thereby maintaining a static head/neck position. Eight different positions were used each at a 45° offset from the previous one ( Figure 4). The orientation of ef- forts were in extension (E), right posterior oblique (RPO), right lateral flexion (RLF), right anterior oblique (RAO), left posterior oblique (LPO), left lateral flexion (LLF), left anterior oblique (LAO) and flexion (F) (Figure 4). ...Context 2
... different positions were used each at a 45° offset from the previous one ( Figure 4). The orientation of ef- forts were in extension (E), right posterior oblique (RPO), right lateral flexion (RLF), right anterior oblique (RAO), left posterior oblique (LPO), left lateral flexion (LLF), left anterior oblique (LAO) and flexion (F) (Figure 4). In order to decrease bias due to a participant's overexertion, the experiment was conducted over two days. ...Similar publications
Background
Cervical proprioception and muscle endurance are essential for maintaining cervical functional joint stability. Proprioception and muscle endurance may be impaired in those with general joint hypermobility (GJH). Examining these aspects is crucial. This study’s aims are to (1) compare the cervical joint position error (JPE) and muscle en...
Citations
... In our study, verticality measurements were performed in a sitting position. The RFT does not seem to be affected by the subject's position at the time of recording, but the verticality estimation error seems to increase with muscle fatigue in healthy subjects [52]. However, in our study with patients with FMS, we did not find a correlation between the severity of fatigue and MAE-RFT, although we did find a correlation with the MAE-SVV test. ...
The objective of this study was to analyze the perception of visual verticality (VV) in subjects with Fibromyalgia Syndrome (FMS) and to correlate this with the symptoms of the disease and balance capacity. A cross-sectional study including 54 patients (51 female) was conducted. The evaluation of visual verticality was carried out with a virtual reality device by calculating the Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of degrees deviation in two tests: the Subjective Visual Vertical (SVV) test for the contribution of the vestibular system to the perception of verticality and the Rod and Frame test (RFT) for the contribution of the visual system. In total, 16 subjects (29.6%) presented good VV perception, 6 subjects (11.1%) presented an exclusive alteration of the SVV test, 19 subjects (35.2%) presented an exclusive alteration of the RFT and 13 subjects (24.1%) showed alteration in the two tests. The MAE in the SVV test showed medium correlations with several variables such as the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ) (Rho = 0.399, p = 0.003), the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) (Rho = 0.417, p = 0.002), the Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI) (Rho = 0.376, p = 0.005), and the Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale (ABC-16) (Rho = −0.367, p = 0.006). The MAE in the RFT showed medium correlations with the Instability Support Reduced (Rho = 0.327, p = 0.016) and Instability Gait Eyes Open (Rho = 0.312, p = 0.022) subscales of the JAEN (Joined Assessment of Equilibrium and Neuro-motor) Scale. Conclusions: Around 70% of the subjects with FMS showed some alteration in the perception of VV; 60% of these patients presented visual system dependence. The SVV test correlates with the impact and health status of FMS, and the RFT correlates with the alteration in the dynamic balance.
... All the evaluation procedures were conducted in the early morning before the exhausting daily routine activities, besides all the participants were allowed to rest for a while before starting the evaluation, and all the measurements were applied in the three following conditions: (1) before induction of fatigue, (2) immediate after fatigue induction through the isometric neck muscle endurance test (NME test), and (3) post-recovery after 15 minutes of fatigue induction, according to the fatigue development protocols of cervical muscles [26][27] . ...
... The Joint Position Sense Error (JPSE) is considered the mainly essential measure to clinically operationalize cervical proprioception [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] . Cervical Joint Position Error (JPE), is the ability to relocate the head to a beginning position following a dynamic active cervical range of motion. ...
Objectives: This study investigated the effect of cervical flexor muscles fatigue on neck proprioception and postural stability. Methods: Forty-five male and female subjects were evaluated pre, immediate after induction of fatigue, and after recovery. Isometric neck flexor muscle endurance test (NET) was used for the induction of cervical flexor muscle fatigue. Cervical proprioception was assessed by cervical joint position error test (JPET) via overhead laser pointer while postural stability was assessed by using (a) biodex balance system measuring “Overall stability index (OSI), Anterior/ posterior (A/P) index and medial/ lateral (M/L) index”, (b) multidirectional reach test. Results: There was a significant decrease in cervical proprioception (cervical joint position error test) and postural stability (biodex balance system & multidirectional reach test) immediate post-induction of fatigue compared with both before induction of fatigue & after recovery from fatigue (p<0.001). Conclusion: Subjects suffering from cervical muscles fatigue are vulnerable to have a significant effect on neck proprioception and postural instability as it impaired the cervical proprioception sense & postural stability. Therefore, our study provides information for the clinicians and patients to avoid overload fatigue of the cervical muscles because it affects overall postural balance, neck proprioception & righting reaction.
Keywords: Cervical Fatigue, Joint Position Error, Neck Flexors, Postural Stability, Proprioception
... All the evaluation procedures were conducted in the early morning before the exhausting daily routine activities, besides all the participants were allowed to rest for a while before starting the evaluation, and all the measurements were applied in the three following conditions: (1) before induction of fatigue, (2) immediate after fatigue induction through the isometric neck muscle endurance test (NME test), and (3) post-recovery after 15 minutes of fatigue induction, according to the fatigue development protocols of cervical muscles [26][27] . ...
... The Joint Position Sense Error (JPSE) is considered the mainly essential measure to clinically operationalize cervical proprioception [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] . Cervical Joint Position Error (JPE), is the ability to relocate the head to a beginning position following a dynamic active cervical range of motion. ...
Objectives:
This study investigated the effect of cervical flexor muscles fatigue on neck proprioception and postural stability.
Methods:
Forty-five male and female subjects were evaluated pre, immediate after induction of fatigue, and after recovery. Isometric neck flexor muscle endurance test (NET) was used for the induction of cervical flexor muscle fatigue. Cervical proprioception was assessed by cervical joint position error test (JPET) via overhead laser pointer while postural stability was assessed by using (a) biodex balance system measuring "Overall stability index (OSI), Anterior/ posterior (A/P) index and medial/ lateral (M/L) index", (b) multidirectional reach test.
Results:
There was a significant decrease in cervical proprioception (cervical joint position error test) and postural stability (biodex balance system & multidirectional reach test) immediate post-induction of fatigue compared with both before induction of fatigue & after recovery from fatigue (p<0.001).
Conclusion:
Subjects suffering from cervical muscles fatigue are vulnerable to have a significant effect on neck proprioception and postural instability as it impaired the cervical proprioception sense & postural stability. Therefore, our study provides information for the clinicians and patients to avoid overload fatigue of the cervical muscles because it affects overall postural balance, neck proprioception & righting reaction.
... Therefore, when such neuromotor control mechanisms are disrupted by the physiopathological processes leading to CGD (Clark et al. 2015;, the breakdown of normal afferent signals from the upper cervical proprioceptors to the vestibular nuclei results in an inaccurate depiction of head and neck orientation in space (Kristjansson and Treleaven 2009;Reiley et al. 2017), which would cause disorientation, alteration of postural stability and of head and eye movements control (Kristjansson and Treleaven 2009;L'Heureux-Lebeau et al. 2014). A growing body of evidence indicated these phenomena to also underpin changes in the perception of the subjective visual vertical (SVV) (Treleaven 2008;Gosselin and Fagan 2014). ...
... Such findings are corroborated by the positive correlations found between JPE and VD (Figure 2), further expanding current literature knowledge hypothesising that a certain degree of relation may exist between the degree of neck repositioning errors and visual-dependent behaviour. Such an association has been found to be possibly due to the shared physiopathological background involving both cervical articular mechanoreceptors and proprioceptors from dysfunctional joints and thus resulting in a progressive loss of normal afferent input (Wyke 1979;Reid and Rivett 2005;Humphreys 2008;Gosselin and Fagan 2014). Such relationtogether with the positive correlations found between NPI and JPE and between TSK-17 and DHI and VD (Table 3)may be summarised in a hypothetical behavioural model of the sustained physiopathological processes in CGD patients (Figure 3). ...
... On the other one, previous studies discussed about conditions in which a visual-independent behaviour has been found to be improved or reduced in athletes (Golomer et al. 2005; or neck injured subjects participants (Grod and Diakow 2002;Humphreys 2008;Brady et al. 2012). In these conditionsrespectivelythe contribution of the different sources of information are properly or erroneously re-weighted in order to regulate balance performance (Gosselin and Fagan 2014). Paralleling with these findings, present data suggest that subjective feeling of dizziness and kinesiophobia are possibly fostered by a less robust estimation process implemented at the central level to achieve an adequate perception and execution of self-motion, such as fusing sensory system signal with 'coherent copies' computed internally from internal models of the physical relations between motion variables (Reymond et al. 2002;Cuenca-Mart ınez et al. 2018). ...
Aim
Since cervical joint position error (JPE) and visual dependency (VD) may reflect altered ascending inputs from the neck receptors, the aim of the present study was to test how these parameters may be impacted by those clinical parameters in cervicogenic dizziness (CGD) patients when compared with healthy subjects participants.
Materials and methods
93 subjects participants fulfilling inclusion criteria for CGD and 98 age- and gender-matched healthy subjects volunteers – undergoing cervical relocation and rod and disc test to evaluate JPE and VD, respectively – were compared to each other. Cervical range of motion (CROM), Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI), Neck Disability Index (NDI), Neck pain intensity (NPI), Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK-17) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) were also collected in both groups
Results
When compared to healthy participants, CGD patients were found to have a higher degree of JPE in right (p = 0.008, mean difference, MD: 2.88) and left (p = 0.006, MD: 2.55) rotation as well as in extension (p = 0.011, MD: 2.31), flexion (p = 0.009, MD: 2.35) and mean value (p = 0.001, MD: 2.53) and higher degrees of error in CCW at +40° and −40° (p = 0.012, MD: 0.85 and p = 0.016, MD: 0.82, respectively) and CW at +40° and −40° (p = 0.018, MD: 0.83 and p = 0.015 MD: 0.81, respectively). CGD patients also demonstrated a significant reduction in degrees of CROM in active flexion (p = 0.011, MD: −34.63), extension (p = 0.018, MD: −21.67), left (p = 0.012, MD: −28.29) and right (p = 0.009, MD: −28.52) rotation, and left (p = 0.02, MD: −7.29) and right (p = 0.021, MD: −5.05) lateral flexion. Furthermore, these patients demonstrated higher scores in total DHI (p = 0.007, MD: 25.17) (and relative DHI-P, DHI-F, DHI-E; p = 0.009, MD: 11.4; p = 0.014, MD: 8.73 and p = 0.018, MD: 5.03, respectively), in TSK-17 (p = 0.017, MD: 17.56), and HADS, both in anxiety (p = 0.022, MD: 4.62) and depression (p = 0.02, MD: 7.31) subscale.
Conclusions
A possible common physiopathological background may impact on processes involved in both the JPE and VD behaviour, entangled in a vicious circle with the impaired subjective clinical and quality of life perception.
... Upright perception may drift during prolonged tilts of the whole body or prolonged tilts of the head on body (15,31,61,157,158). The drift pattern is usually variable across individuals (157), but often there is a gradual change in the direction of the tilt, followed by a post-tilt bias referred to as the aftereffect (Figure 8) (15,61,(157)(158)(159)(160)(161). When this aftereffect was studied across a wide range of body orientations, there was a "local" effect (as opposed to a "global" effect), where the post tilt bias was mainly seen in the tilt orientations adjacent to the initial, adapting position (162). ...
We inherently maintain a stable perception of the world despite frequent changes in the head, eye, and body positions. Such “orientation constancy” is a prerequisite for coherent spatial perception and sensorimotor planning. As a multimodal sensory reference, perception of upright represents neural processes that subserve orientation constancy through integration of sensory information encoding the eye, head, and body positions. Although perception of upright is distinct from perception of body orientation, they share similar neural substrates within the cerebral cortical networks involved in perception of spatial orientation. These cortical networks, mainly within the temporo-parietal junction, are crucial for multisensory processing and integration that generate sensory reference frames for coherent perception of self-position and extrapersonal space transformations. In this review, we focus on these neural mechanisms and discuss (i) neurobehavioral aspects of orientation constancy, (ii) sensory models that address the neurophysiology underlying perception of upright, and (iii) the current evidence for the role of cerebral cortex in perception of upright and orientation constancy, including findings from the neurological disorders that affect cortical function.
Resumen
La patología otolítica sigue siendo aún difícil de comprender debido a la fisiología particular del sistema otolítico y a una sintomatología compleja y en ocasiones desconcertante. Aunque la exploración otolítica puede ser útil en este contexto, también hay que reubicar estas exploraciones en el marco del diagnóstico del vértigo, con aspectos muy específicos según las etiologías, en particular para los potenciales provocados otolíticos (PPO).
Le sens de verticalité constitue un référentiel spatial fondamental pour percevoir et agir dans l'espace. Il permet notamment de déterminer la position de notre corps par rapport à la direction de la gravité et participe à l’organisation du contrôle postural chez l’homme. L'évaluation du sens de verticalité pour une meilleure compréhension des troubles posturaux et spatiaux de patients ayant présentés un accident vasculaire cérébral (AVC) devient pratique courante. Cependant, l’absence de standardisation et de connaissances des qualités psychométriques des mesures de la perception de la verticale limite considérablement l’utilisation clinique de ces outils et l’élaboration d’essais thérapeutiques pour le suivi des troubles posturaux en pathologie neurologique. L’AVC constitue également le modèle lésionnel humain privilégié pour l’étude du sens de verticalité. L'identification des aires cérébrales sous-tendant les processus d’intégration multisensorielle du sens de verticalité reposent majoritairement sur de techniques modernes d’analyse lésionnelle. Cependant, les connaissances des bases cérébrales de la construction et de la mise à jour du sens de verticalité sont encore partielles et appellent à des travaux complémentaires. Nos travaux de recherche visaient à améliorer notre compréhension du sens de verticalité par l’étude de ces altérations en pathologie vasculaire cérébrale, selon une double approche méthodologique et physiopathologique. Nous avons montré que l’évaluation de la perception visuelle de la verticale dans les suites d’un AVC requiert une installation précise des patients (maintien droit du tronc et de la tête chez les patients présentant des troubles posturaux) et doit être basée sur un minimum de 10 essais pour assurer une fidélité inter-essais élevée. Dans ces conditions d’évaluation, l’orientation de la verticale visuelle présente une excellente fidélité inter- et intra-évaluateur, garantissant la fiabilité de cette mesure pour la pratique et la recherche cliniques. Concernant la perception posturale de la verticale, nous proposons une procédure simplifiée et standardisée du test de la roue pour l’évaluation des biais contralésionnels de la verticale posturale après AVC hémisphérique. Enfin, nous identifions au moyen d’une analyse statistique lésionnelle un réseau d’aires corticales et sous-corticales impliqué dans la perception visuelle et posturale de la verticale. Le cœur de ces régions polymodales du sens de verticalité est centré sur le cortex operculo-insulaire et le thalamus postérolatéral, avec une nette prédominance hémisphérique droite et un chevauchement des aires nodales du cortex vestibulaire. Nos résultats nous permettent de mieux comprendre les bases cérébrales du sens de verticalité et constituent des guides importants pour l'utilisation clinique de la mesure du sens de verticalité.Mots clés: Sens de verticalité, AVC, méthodologie d’évaluation, bases neurales, cortex vestibulaire
Posttranslational protein modifications are known to modulate key biological processes like proliferation and apoptosis. Accumulating evidence shows that ST6GAL1, an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of sialic acid onto galactose-containing substrates, is aberrantly expressed in various cancers and may affect cell motility and invasion. This is the first study to describe ST6GAL1 expression and regulation in human bladder cancer.
ST6GAL1 mRNA expression levels in human cell lines (UROtsa, RT4, RT112 and J82) and tissue samples (n=15 normal urothelium (NU), n=13 papillary non-invasive tumors (pTa), n=12 carcinoma in situ (CIS), n=26 muscle invasive tumors (pT2-4)) were assessed using real-time PCR. In addition, ST6GAL1 protein expression was evaluated using immunohistochemistry. Promoter methylation analysis was performed using methylation-specific PCR (MSP) in cell lines (n=4) and patient samples (n=23 NU, n=12 CIS, n=29 pTa, n=41 pT2-4). Epigenetic ST6GAL1 gene silencing was confirmed by in vitro demethylation of bladder cell lines. Data were validated by analysis of an independent bladder tumor data set (n=184) based on The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) portal.
Semi-quantitative ST6GAL1 real-time PCR expression analysis showed two distinct trends: In muscle-invasive tumors ST6GAL1 expression was downregulation by 2.7-fold, while papillary non-invasive tumors showed an increased ST6GAL1 mRNA expression compared to normal urothelium. ST6GAL1 loss in muscle-invasive tumors was associated with increasing invasiveness. On the protein level, 69.2% (n=45/65) of all tumors showed a weak ST6GAL1 protein staining (IRS <= 4) while 25.6% (16/65) exhibited a complete loss (IRS=0) of ST6GAL1 protein. Tumor-specific DNA methylation of the ST6GAL1 promoter region was frequently found in pT2-4 tumors (53.6% (22/41)), whereas only 13.8% (4/29) of pTa tumors showed ST6GAL1 promoter methylation. Normal urothelium remained unmethylated. Importantly, we significantly revealed an inverse correlation between ST6GAL1 mRNA expression and ST6GAL1 promoter merthylation in primary bladder cancer. These findings were clearly verified by the TCGA public data set and in vitro demethylation assays functionally confirmed ST6GAL1 promoter methylation as a potential regulatory factor for ST6GAL1 gene silencing.
Our study characterizes for the first time ST6GAL1 expression loss caused by aberrant ST6GAL1 promoter methylation potentially indicating a tumor suppressive role in bladder carcinogenesis.
