The occurrence of Neimark-Sacker bifurcation is shown when the prey refuge parameter n is altered. The figure is generated utilising the parameter values n = 0.055535 and mu = 3.3125, while the remaining parameters are maintained in accordance with the values indicated in table (1).

The occurrence of Neimark-Sacker bifurcation is shown when the prey refuge parameter n is altered. The figure is generated utilising the parameter values n = 0.055535 and mu = 3.3125, while the remaining parameters are maintained in accordance with the values indicated in table (1).

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This paper examines a discrete predator-prey model that incorporates prey refuge and its detrimental impact on the growth of the prey population. Age structure is taken into account for predator species. Furthermore, juvenile hunting as well as prey counter-attack are also considered. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the existence an...