Figure 7 - available via license: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
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The menace response is performed by making the threating gesture at the eye. The contralateral eye should be blinded. Care must be taken not to touch the eyelashes or to create air current as this stimulates the CN V and produces the palpebral or corneal reflex rather then genuine menace response.
Source publication
This clinical review about the neurological examination in small animals describes the basics about the first steps of investigation when dealing with neurological patients. The knowledge of how to perform the neurological examination is important, however more important is how to correctly interpret these performed tests. A step-by-step approach i...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... response (Fig. 7) is learned and cortically mediated blink produced by a threating gesture in front of the visual area of the patient. Puppies will not have this response prior to 10-12 weeks of age. The afferent part is the same as the visual pathway and the efferent is very complex but involves coordination of the visual cortex, motor cortex, facial ...
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Veterinary medicine is increasingly affected by animal owners having the opportunity to become better informed on pet health issues by using various internet resources. Using an online questionnaire including a section on clients’ use of internet resources to obtain medical information, this study aimed to investigate veterinarians’ estimates of th...
Citations
... This includes the examination of the front legs, back legs, tail, and anus during a neurologic examination (Paluš, 2014;Almasi et al., 2020). It includes the following supportive parameters: ...
In recent medical advancements, there has been growing interest in utilizing liposomes, which are lipid-
based vesicles, to enhance the targeted delivery and prolonged release of local anesthetics. The purpose of this study
was to assessment the effect of single and repeated lumbosacral injection of liposome carrying lidocaine in comparison
with lidocaine hydrochloride. A total of 24 male local breed dogs were divided randomly into the lidocaine group that
received 4.5 mg/Kg of 2% lidocaine and liposome group which received the same dose of lidocaine carried by liposome.
Pinprick and spinal reflex tests were evaluated each minute for the first five minutes following lumbosacral injection
and then every five minutes until the sensory blockade disappeared. Motor activities were constantly monitored and
evaluated every 30 seconds. Clinical evaluation of analgesia and motor blocks after injection revealed a complete
analgesia and there was no response to deep muscle pricks lasting for (120) / minutes starting after 15 minute from
lumbosacral injection while in repeated dose last for (180) / minutes after 15 minutes from injection of liposomal
lidocaine. Lidocaine single dose group it lasting for (60) / minutes after 20 minute from lumbosacral injection while
and in repeated dose last for (84) / minutes after 20 minutes from injection. Motor score showed a complete muscle
relaxation which was strong and lasting for (49) / minutes from 15 minute after lumbosacral injection while in repeated
dose last for (101) / minutes from 20 minutes from injection of liposomal lidocaine. Lidocaine single dose concerning
complete muscle relaxation score lasted for (25) / minutes from 20 minute after lumbosacral injection . In repeated
dose last for (53) / minutes from 20 minutes from injection. Nerve functions scores revealed a significant different
injections between liposomal lidocaine groups and lidocaine groups. In motor block after injection, there was no significant
differences were observed between the two groups during the study periods. Analgesia after recovery clinical
evaluation show significantly different between groups, the motor after recovery recorded in significantly different. The
conclusion, Lumbosacral liposomal lidocaine injection demonstrates safety, rapid induction, and excellent analgesia,
ensuring smooth recoveries suitable for surgery without complications.
Keywords | Lidocaine hydrochloride, Epidural anesthesia, Bangham method, Epidural nerve block, Analgesia, Dogs.
... A scale from 0 to 3 (absent, decreased, normal, increased) was used for evaluating postural reactions and spinal reflexes. The panniculus reflex (normal, absent, abnormal) was considered normal if absent in an otherwise neurologically healthy dog and abnormal if there was a cut-off point [21]. ...
... The perineal and bulbourethral reflexes test the pudendal nerve, as well as spinal cord segments S1 to Cd5 and their nerve roots. However, clinical signs that are often associated with lesions caudal to segment S1, including urinary and fecal incontinence, affected gait, and tail dysfunction, were uncommon in our study [21]. Furthermore, we found no evidence for an association between decreased perineal or bulbourethral reflexes and CT findings from the spine. ...
Background
Perineal hernia (PH) is a relatively common condition in intact male dogs, but the etiology remains unclear. The objective of this study was to assess the contribution of gastrointestinal (GI), neurological, and orthopedic conditions to the development of PH in male dogs. Patient history with a focus on chronic GI disease was assessed using an owner questionnaire. Neurological conditions were explored, applying neurological, electromyographic (EMG), and motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) examinations and combining these with computed tomography (CT) imaging. To exclude possible orthopedic diseases, an orthopedic examination was conducted together with CT analysis. The chi-squared test was used to assess the associations between categorical variables.
Results
Altogether, 66 male dogs with diagnosed PH were recruited for this study. The frequency of neurological, orthopedic, and GI diseases was low in dogs with PH. No signs of generalized neuro- or myopathies were detected. Still, perineal and bulbourethral reflexes were decreased or missing in 44.6% (29/65) and 40.0% (26/65) of dogs, respectively. Mild or moderate occlusion of the intervertebral foramen at the lumbosacral (LS) junction occurred in 18.5% (12/65) of dogs and was caused by spondylosis deformans in 83.3% (10/12). Moderate disc protrusion was evident in 9.2% (6/65) of dogs.
Conclusion
No evidence was found that PH is caused by gastrointestinal, orthopedic, or neurological conditions. Abnormalities in perineal and bulbourethral reflexes are most likely secondary to PH.
... Neurological examinations are designed primarily to detect the presence of neurological dysfunction and then to determine the neuroanatomical location(s) that has been affected by damage or disease [103,104]. In the clinical setting, neurolocalisation is established prior to generating a list of differential diagnoses (Table 1), primarily because different diseases can affect different parts of the nervous system in a focal, multifocal, or even diffuse manner [105]. ...
Issue: The impact of neurological disorders is recognised globally, with one in six people affected in their lifetime and few treatments to slow or halt disease progression. This is due in part to the increasing ageing population, and is confounded by the high failure rate of translation from rodent-derived therapeutics to clinically effective human neurological interventions. Improved translation is demonstrated using higher order mammals with more complex/comparable neuroanatomy. These animals effectually span this translational disparity and increase confidence in factors including routes of administration/dosing and ability to scale, such that potential therapeutics will have successful outcomes when moving to patients. Coupled with advancements in genetic engineering to produce genetically tailored models, livestock are increasingly being used to bridge this translational gap. Approach: In order to aid in standardising characterisation of such models, we provide comprehensive neurological assessment protocols designed to inform on neuroanatomical dysfunction and/or lesion(s) for large animal species. We also describe the applicability of these exams in different large animals to help provide a better understanding of the practicalities of cross species neurological disease modelling. Recommendation: We would encourage the use of these assessments as a reference framework to help standardise neurological clinical scoring of large animal models.
Canine parvovirus (CPV) causes severe inflammation in digestive system, main symptoms are
losing appetite, dehydration, vomiting and bloody diarrhea. This study aims to find the
identify the presence of parvovirus by using CPV Ag testy and study on hematology change
during infection period and after recovery. During 3 months of researching at Animals
Teaching Hospital, 48 dogs were treated, 10dogs (13%) were suspected to parvovirus and had
confirm by CPV Ag test. Positively result to 6dogs (60%), and 1 died during hospitalization.
No positive dogs were complete vaccination and deworming. Result of complete blood count
(CBC) by hematology analyzer machine showed in infection period some blood parameters
such as red blood cell, granulocytes, MCV and MCH were lower than normal range which
results of decreasing hemoglobin including abnormality and fracture of blood vessels cause
by losing large amount of blood. White blood cells, plasma, and lymphocytes increased
significantly due to chronic disease, stress, born marrow problems and secondary body
infection. After recovery, white blood cells decreased to the normal range, whereas red blood
cells, granulocytes and MCH still continue to decline and lymphocytes have been rising due
to a large number of losing blood and chronic disease. Using CPV Ag test to confirm positive
or negative of parvovirus make diagnosis faster and easier to decide treatment protocol,
otherwise monitoring on hematology change also help veterinarian to decide the next
treatment and supportive to patient condition.
Keywords: Parvovirus; complete blood count test; vaccination; deworming; born marrow
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