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The map forest canopy gaps in study area.
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Light exposure from the sun is the most crucial variable for producing optimal pitcher size and colour variation in Nepenthes. This study aimed to observe the effect of forest canopy structure on morphological character of Nepenthes ampullaria's pitcher parts (longitudinal, front, and peristome) both on size and shape using Geometric morphometric (...
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Context 1
... samples were collected in two forest canopy structures, open space areas and inside tree canopy. The open space area is classified as a red colour and indicated as an open area with lack shaded from canopy tree ( Figure 2). We discovered a bright green-yellowish colour in the open space area. ...
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Citations
... This mechanism causes the color of the pitcher's lips to darken while lightening the body of the plant . The state of the peristome significantly affects prey caught in the pitcher (Harapan et al. 2022). A wet peristome facilitates easy slippage, enhancing the effectiveness of Nepenthes trapping mechanisms and leading to an increase in captured insects (Labonte et al. 2020;Tarigan et al. 2023). ...
Tarigan MRM, Faisal M, Manalu K, Khairuna, Tambunan EPS, Rahmadina, Asy'ari H, Ritonga YE. 2024. Morphology of arthropods discovered in pitchers of Nepenthes at Aceh Singkil District, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 2888-2900. Nepenthes plants create unique microhabitats and are home to diverse arthropod communities. These plants, known for their complex and specialized structures, attract various species of arthropods and contribute to the region's biodiversity. The study of arthropod morphology is critical to understanding the complex interactions within these microhabitats as well as broader ecosystem dynamics. Although this plant has great ecological importance and conservation significance, detailed morphological studies of the arthropods living on it are still rare. This study aimed to identify the families of arthropods trapped in the upper and lower pitchers of Nepenthes. This study used descriptive methods to reveal the morphology of arthropods found in Nepenthes pitchers in Aceh Singkil District, Indonesia. Arthropods were obtained from the upper and lower pitchers of N. ampullaria, N. gracilis, N. mirabilis, N. rafflesiana, N. reinwardtiana, N. x hookeriana, and N. x trichocarpa. Samples were obtained through direct observations conducted between October to December 2023. The results showed the presence of arthropod families, namely Culicidae, Formicidae, Gryllidae, Calliphoridae, Coccinellidae, Curculionidae, Rhyaparochromidae, Blattellidae, Salticidae, and Araneidae. However, Culicidae and Formicidae were observed to be the most abundant and Gryllidae was observed to be the least abundant. A mutualistic symbiosis was established, in which ants used the tendrils of Nepenthes to lay eggs and collected nectar generated by the honey glands, while the egg-laying process helped in the breakdown of the pitcher. This discovery suggests that the plants provided a habitat for Culicidae and a conducive environment for Formicidae larvae. However, Araneidae, Rhyparochromidae, Salticidae, Curculionidae, and Coccinellidae are not attracted to petals and peristomes. Gryllidae and Blattellidae were present in Nepenthes pitchers as a result of their close association with the plant and UV color-trapping mechanism. The study of the morphology of arthropods found in Nepenthes pitchers has several overall implications. First, it contributes to our understanding of ecological interactions in Nepenthes plants, providing insight into predator-prey dynamics, nutrient cycling, and plant evolution. Second, it underscores the importance of Nepenthes plants as a microhabitat that supports diverse arthropod communities, and highlights the ecological role of arthropods in nutrient-poor environments. This research also informs conservation efforts, emphasizing the need to protect Nepenthes plant habitat to maintain biodiversity.
... However, the pitcher inside the rock canopy tends to be darker and redwood in the body (Figure 3). Harapan et al. (2022) mentioned that the light intensity strongly affected the color in Nepenthes. ...
... Therefore, the more varied the places where it grows, the more varied the colors appear. The appearance of colors related to the growing location can be observed in the colors that appear on the tendrils, the pitcher's body, the pitcher's cover, and the pitcher's wings (Harapan et al. 2022). This exposure aligns with the obtained field observations that the N. gracilis and N. eustachya types have different pitcher colors. ...
... Simultaneously, Culicidae, Formicidae, and Rhyparochromidae are present in Nepenthes pitchers due to their close association and their UV color trapping mechanism and color pitcher darkens the lips of the plant's pitchers while lightening its body . The peristome condition strongly influences the prey trapped in the pitcher (Harapan et al. 2022). The prey is attracted to the peristome by the nectarsecreting gland (Bauer et al. 2012). ...
Tarigan MRM, Aziz S, Tanjung IF, Pary C, Adlini MN, Jayanti UNAD, Ardianto, Ulfa AY. 2023. Morphology and pitcher's color Nepenthes in Batu Lubang Sibolga Area, North Sumatra Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 1953-1962. The study's objective was to identify the size, color, and shape of a pitcher of Nepenthes found in the Batu Lubang Sibolga region. Purposive sampling is used as part of an exploratory approach in this study. Plot-based Nepenthes observation was conducted in the Sitahuis District, Central Tapanuli Regency, North Sumatra Province, Indonesia, to examine pitcher morphology and color. The results showed two species of Nepenthes, namely N. gracilis Korth and N. eustachya Miq, with two types of pitchers each, namely the lower and upper pitcher. The morphology of the Nepenthes pitchers has an almost similar shape but differs in the size of the pitcher circumference, where the lower pitcher is smaller than the upper pitcher. The bottom pitcher of N. gracilis has redwood (45%), and the upper pitcher is light green (55%), according to the proportion of observations of the color of the lower and upper pitchers of these two species. While the upper pitcher of N. eustachya is green with red dots (70%), the lower pitcher is light reddish green (30%). According to the study's findings, Nepenthes in the Batu Lubang Sibolga area required conservation intervention to preserve this species.
