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The major families of lipophilic compounds identified in DCM extracts of A. dealbata bark, wood and leaves. Abbreviations: FA, fatty acids; LCAA, long-chain aliphatic alcohols; T, terpenic compounds; ST, sterols; MG, monoglycerides and AR, aromatic compounds.
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Acacia dealbata biomass, either from forest exploitation or from the management of invasive species, can be a strategic topic, namely as a source of high-value compounds. In this sense, the present study aimed at the detailed characterization of the lipophilic components of different morphological parts of A. dealbata and the evaluation of their cy...
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... For R 1 , from the extractions of lemon verbena obtained by HAE, the examination of the 29 runs, after removing two outlier runs, yielded a quadratic function with a significant model, with a non-significant lack of fit and with an adjusted R 2 of 0.9342, as confirmed in the coded Equation (9). For R 2 , the values also allowed for obtaining a significant model, a non-significant lack of fit, and an adjusted R 2 of 0.9632, with the coded Equation (10). Thus, the optimal values for maximizing the amount of martynoside were set at 13% ethanol, 96 min, 49 • C, and 17 g/L, which predicted an extraction of 114 mg/g; the optimal values for maximizing the amount of extraction yield (0.39 g/g) were 31% ethanol, 120 min, 80 • C, and 40 g/L; after applying the desirability function, the values of the independent variables were fixed, to maximize martynoside (109 mg/g) and extraction yield (0.34 g/g) in 30% ethanol, 120 min, 64 • C, and 10 g/L. ...
Cistus ladanifer L., Acacia dealbata L., and Aloysia citrodora Paláu were subject to an optimization procedure for two extraction techniques (heat-assisted extraction (HAE) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE)). The extracts were then analyzed by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS for their phenolic profile (cistus—15 compounds, acacia—21 compounds, and lemon verbena—9 compounds). The response surface methodology was applied, considering four varying factors: ethanol percentage; extraction time; temperature/power; and S/L ratio, generating two responses (the major phenolic compound, or family of compounds, and the extraction yield). For cistus, both techniques optimized the extraction yield of punicalagins, with UAE proving to be the most efficient extraction method (3.22% ethanol, 22 min, 171 W, and 35 g/L). For acacia, HAE maximized the extraction of procyanidin (74% ethanol, 86 min, 24 °C, and 50 g/L), and UAE maximized the content of myricetin (65% ethanol, 8 min, 50 W, and 50 g/L). For lemon verbena, HAE favored the extraction of martynoside (13% ethanol, 96 min, 49 °C and 17 g/L) and forsythiaside UAE (94% ethanol, 25 min, 399 W, and 29 g/L). The optimal conditions for the extraction of compounds with high added value and potential for use in pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals were defined.
... Leaves and twigs of Acacia spp. contain lipophilic compounds such as terpenes, long-chain alcohols, fatty acids, sterols, aromatic compounds, among others [66]. These lipophilic components may be valorized in different application fields, and their presence might limit the access of polar solvents to the matrix, affecting extraction of the bioactive components. ...
... Among them, phytol, squalene, α-tocopherol, lupeol, and lupenone (lup-20(29)-en-3-one) (Figure 3) are the most predominant, showing the highest peak areas. Phytol, squalene, lupeol, lupenone, and α-tocopherol have been previously identified in A. dealbata leaves [36,66,78]. ...
The purpose of this work was to evaluate the recovery of bioactive extracts from Acacia dealbata leaves and twigs and to characterize their chemical composition and functional properties. Fresh and air-dried samples were extracted by maceration at room temperature and by hot extraction at 60 °C using aqueous solutions of acetone, ethanol, and methanol. The highest extraction yields (14.8 and 12.0% for dried leaves and twigs, respectively) were obtained with 70% acetone, for both extraction procedures. Extracts were characterized for total phenolics content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and total proanthocyanidin content (TPrAC). Bioactive extracts with high TPC (526.4 mg GAE/g extract), TFC (198.4 mg CatE/g extract), and TPrAC (631.3 mg PycE/g extract) were obtained using maceration, a technically simple and low-energy process. The non-polar fraction of selected extracts was characterized using gas chromatography and time of flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOFMS). The main components detected were phytol, squalene, α-tocopherol, lupenone, and lupeol. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was characterized through DPPH and FRAP assays. Antimicrobial activity of the extracts against different bacteria was also determined. The highest DPPH and FRAP activities were obtained from dried twigs from Alcobaça (1068.3 mg TE/g extract and 9194.6 mmol Fe²⁺/g extract, respectively). Extracts from both leaves and twigs showed antimicrobial properties against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus cereus, Streptococcus mutans, and Streptococcus mitis. The results obtained demonstrate the feasibility of recovering valuable components from these biomass fractions that may be further valorized for energy production in a biorefinery concept.
... The mass spectrometer was operated in the electron impact mode at 70 eV, and the data were collected at a rate of 1 scan per second over a range of m/z 33-700. The ion source was maintained at 250 • C [84]. ...
... Compounds were identified by comparing their spectra with the GC-MS spectral library (Wiley-NIST Mass Spectral Library 2014) and with the published data [81,[84][85][86][87], and in some cases by injection of standards. ...
The chemical composition, investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and antibacterial activity of lipophilic extractives of three varieties of Opuntia ficus-indica roots from Algeria are reported in this paper for the first time. The results obtained revealed a total of 55 compounds, including fatty acids, sterols, monoglycerides and long chain aliphatic alcohols that were identified and quantified. β-Sitosterol was found as the major compound of the roots of the three varieties. Furthermore, considerable amounts of essential fatty acids (ω3, ω6, and ω9) such as oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids were also identified. The green variety was the richest among the three studied varieties. The antibacterial activity, evaluated with disc diffusion method, revealed that lipophilic extracts were effective mainly against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (19~23 mm). Gram-negative strains mainly Pseudomonas aeruginosa gave an inhibition zone of 18 mm, which is considered high antibacterial activity. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of the tested bacteria revealed interesting values against the majority of bacteria tested: 75–100 µg mL⁻¹ for Bacillus sp., 250–350 µg/mL for the two Staphylococcus strains, 550–600 µg mL⁻¹ for E. coli, and 750–950 µg mL⁻¹ obtained with Pseudomonas sp. This study allows us to conclude that the lipophilic fractions of cactus roots possess interesting phytochemicals such as steroids, some fatty acids and long chain alcohols that acted as antibiotic-like compounds countering pathogenic strains.
... Acacia-mimosa plays an important commercial role since its wood can be used for the paper production through the kraft process by the amount of cellulose present in the material [267], allowing the elaboration of several products like cardboard, the paper for writing and printing, which gives it a special shine, considered of high quality, and more advantageous than eucalyptus due to the low amount of alkali it presents [263], and finally, acacia wood is also used for the production of construction materials and furniture, compounds of interest to the medicinal sector [289,290], xylooligosaccharides [291], syringaldehyde, vanillin [292], and solutions rich in glucose [293,294]. The bark is used for the production of tannins (substances of plant origin) due to the high amount present in the species (greater than 74%) [295] and other compounds such as absorbents [296], those with an antimicrobial and antioxidant capacity [266,297] and the anti-quorum sensing [298]. In the perfume industry, flowers are processed to produce fragrances, as well as perfume fixatives [263], in the production of compounds with anti-inflammatory properties [299,300] as well as other types of products such as bioherbicides [301]. ...
... In the ecosystem, the pollen in the flowers presents a relevant function for the continuity of sleep [263]. The extracts from the leaves of Acacia dealbata are excellent as a raw material in natural products beneficial to health due to their antioxidant activity [266,302], and the antimicrobials present in the extract [302] are also used for herbicides production [301]. Concerning the timber sector, acacia is considered of high quality for the manufacture of furniture and poles and is also used as fuel for heat generation. ...
Energy crops are dedicated cultures directed for biofuels, electricity, and heat production. Due to their tolerance to contaminated lands, they can alleviate and remediate land pollution by the disposal of toxic elements and polymetallic agents. Moreover, these crops are suitable to be exploited in marginal soils (e.g., saline), and, therefore, the risk of land-use conflicts due to competition for food, feed, and fuel is reduced, contributing positively to economic growth, and bringing additional revenue to landowners. Therefore, further study and investment in R&D is required to link energy crops to the implementation of biorefineries. The main objective of this study is to present a review of the potential of selected energy crops for bioenergy and biofuels production, when cultivated in marginal/degraded/contaminated (MDC) soils (not competing with agriculture), contributing to avoiding Indirect Land Use Change (ILUC) burdens. The selected energy crops are Cynara cardunculus, Arundo donax, Cannabis sativa, Helianthus tuberosus, Linum usitatissimum, Miscanthus × giganteus, Sorghum bicolor, Panicum virgatum, Acacia dealbata, Pinus pinaster, Paulownia tomentosa, Populus alba, Populus nigra, Salix viminalis, and microalgae cultures. This article is useful for researchers or entrepreneurs who want to know what kind of crops can produce which biofuels in MDC soils.
... After 24 h, the same volume of the membrane extract was used to replace the culture medium and cells were further incubated for 24 h at 37 • C. As control, cells were treated in the same way as described for samples but exposed only to DMEM medium. After 24 h, the medium was removed, and the cytotoxicity determined as previously described [47]. Briefly, a fresh solution of MTT (0.5 mg L −1 ) prepared in Krebs medium (pH 7.4) was added and incubated at 37 • C during 2 h (HaCaT cells) or 4 h (NIH/3T3 cells). ...
Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) membranes, with remarkable physical and mechanical properties, emerged as a versatile biopolymeric carrier of bioactive compounds for skin care applications. In this study, BNC membranes were loaded with glycerol (as plasticizer and humectant agent) and different doses (1–3 μg cm⁻²) of an aqueous extract obtained from the hydro-distillation of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. leaves (HDE), for application as sheet facial masks. All membranes are resistant and highly malleable at dry and wet states, with similar or even better mechanical properties than those of a commercial BNC mask. Moreover, the HDE was found to confer a dose-dependent antioxidant activity to pure BNC. Additionally, upon 3 months of storage at 22–25 °C and 52% relative humidity (RH) or at 40 °C and 75% RH, it was confirmed that the antioxidant activity and the macroscopic aspect of the membrane with 2 μg cm⁻² of HDE were maintained. Membranes were also shown to be non-cytotoxic towards HaCaT and NIH/3T3 cells, and the membrane with 2 μg cm⁻² of HDE caused a significant reduction in the senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity in NIH/3T3 cells. These findings suggest the suitability and potential of the obtained membranes as bioactive facial masks for anti-aging applications.
... Under the scope of biorefinery, vegetable residues can be valorised as raw materials for the production of extracts containing compounds with important bioactive properties. So far, Acacia dealbata biomass has been mainly Soxhlet-extracted using water (Devi and Prasad, 1991;Lisperguer et al., 2016;Silva et al., 2016) and classical organic solvents, namely, dichloromethane (Freire et al., 2007(Freire et al., , 2005Oliveira et al., 2020), hexane (Pereira et al., 1996), ethanol (Casas et al., 2019;Imperato, 1982;Luís et al., 2012;Silva et al., 2016), methanol (Luís et al., 2012;Pereira et al., 1996;Silva et al., 2016;Yildiz et al., 2018), and their mixtures (Luís et al., 2012;Silva et al., 2016). The classic Soxhlet extraction is known for the exhaustive extraction of biomasses but is not suitable for industrial scale applications. ...
... The existing literature for A. dealbata Link (Fabaceae) biomass (wood, bark, leaves, seeds and flowers) extraction identifies several families of compounds, namely, alkaloids (Luís et al., 2012), phenolics (Casas et al., 2019;Lisperguer et al., 2016;Luís et al., 2012;Yildiz et al., 2018), chalcone glycosides (Imperato, 1982), sterols and steryl glucosides (Freire et al., 2005;Oliveira et al., 2020), tannins (Devi and Prasad, 1991;Lisperguer et al., 2016;Yildiz et al., 2018), caffeic acid esters (Freire et al., 2007), and triterpenes (Oliveira et al., 2020;Pereira et al., 1996), namely lupenone, lupeol and its derivatives. A recent study on the characterization of the lipophilic fraction of A. dealbata bark identified and quantified lupenyl acetate (LA) and lupenone (Lu) (see Fig. 1. ...
... The existing literature for A. dealbata Link (Fabaceae) biomass (wood, bark, leaves, seeds and flowers) extraction identifies several families of compounds, namely, alkaloids (Luís et al., 2012), phenolics (Casas et al., 2019;Lisperguer et al., 2016;Luís et al., 2012;Yildiz et al., 2018), chalcone glycosides (Imperato, 1982), sterols and steryl glucosides (Freire et al., 2005;Oliveira et al., 2020), tannins (Devi and Prasad, 1991;Lisperguer et al., 2016;Yildiz et al., 2018), caffeic acid esters (Freire et al., 2007), and triterpenes (Oliveira et al., 2020;Pereira et al., 1996), namely lupenone, lupeol and its derivatives. A recent study on the characterization of the lipophilic fraction of A. dealbata bark identified and quantified lupenyl acetate (LA) and lupenone (Lu) (see Fig. 1. ...
The management of invasive species generates large amounts of biomass which end up in low value applications. However, these residues can potentially contain compounds with important bioactive properties. In this study the bark of Acacia dealbata Link (Fabaceae) was extracted by different methods targeting triterpenoids content and bulk product. Batch solid-liquid extraction (SLE-batch), Soxhlet extraction (n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and ethanol) and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) (CO2 with/without ethanol or ethyl acetate) were performed under different pressure and/or temperature conditions in order to assess total extraction yield (ηTotal), extract concentrations and yields of lupenyl acetate and lupenone. The extracts composition was analysed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectroscopy. Summarily: (i) the highest values of ηTotal were achieved with ethanol by both Soxhlet and SLE-batch, and by SFE at 300 bar, 80 ⁰C with 5 wt.% ethanol; (ii) the highest concentrations of triterpenoids were obtained with n-hexane by Soxhlet and SLE-batch and, and by SFE at 200 bar, 40 °C with 5 wt.% ethyl acetate; (iii) the maximum individual yields were achieved with ethanol by both Soxhlet and SLE-batch, and by SFE at 200 bar, 40 °C with 5 wt.% ethyl acetate. The solubilities of lupenyl acetate, lupenone, tetracosanoic acid and hexacosan-1-ol in the various solvents were theoretically estimated, providing important insights for the interpretation of the experimental results.
... In order to determine the lipophilic composition S. nigra aqueous extract, a sample was submitted to liquid-liquid extraction with dichloromethane, a solvent that is fairly selective for the isolation of the lipophilic components from plant materials and analyzed by GC-MS after conversion into trimethylsilyl derivatives [24]. ...
The main goal of this study was to chemically characterize an aqueous S. nigra flower extract and validate it as a bioactive agent. The elderflower aqueous extraction was performed at different temperatures (50, 70 and 90 °C). The extract obtained at 90 °C exhibited the highest phenolic content and antiradical activity. Therefore, this extract was analyzed by GC-MS and HPLC-MS, which allowed the identification of 46 compounds, being quercetin and chlorogenic acid derivatives representative of 86% of the total of phenolic compounds identified in hydrophilic fraction of the aqueous extract. Naringenin (27.2%) was the major compound present in the lipophilic fraction. The antiproliferative effects of the S. nigra extract were evaluated using the colon cancer cell lines RKO, HCT-116, Caco-2 and the extract’s antigenotoxic potential was evaluated by the Comet assay in RKO cells. The RKO cells were the most susceptible to S. nigra flower extract (IC50 = 1250 µg mL⁻¹). Moreover, the extract showed antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, particularly Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis. These results show that S. nigra-based extracts can be an important dietary source of bioactive phenolic compounds that contribute to health-span improving life quality, demonstrating their potential as nutraceutical, functional foods and/or cosmetic components for therapeutic purposes.
... The research towards A. dealbata biomass extraction has focused on several morphological parts, namely wood [6][7][8][9][10], bark [6][7][8][10][11][12][13][14], flowers [11,[15][16][17][18][19][20] and leaves [6,8,11,17,21,22]. The explored extraction methods so far consist of solid-liquid extraction with organic solvents, such as dichloromethane, ethanol, methanol, hexane, acetone and some hydroalcoholic mixtures. ...
... The research towards A. dealbata biomass extraction has focused on several morphological parts, namely wood [6][7][8][9][10], bark [6][7][8][10][11][12][13][14], flowers [11,[15][16][17][18][19][20] and leaves [6,8,11,17,21,22]. The explored extraction methods so far consist of solid-liquid extraction with organic solvents, such as dichloromethane, ethanol, methanol, hexane, acetone and some hydroalcoholic mixtures. ...
... The research towards A. dealbata biomass extraction has focused on several morphological parts, namely wood [6][7][8][9][10], bark [6][7][8][10][11][12][13][14], flowers [11,[15][16][17][18][19][20] and leaves [6,8,11,17,21,22]. The explored extraction methods so far consist of solid-liquid extraction with organic solvents, such as dichloromethane, ethanol, methanol, hexane, acetone and some hydroalcoholic mixtures. ...
Forestry biomass is a by-product which commonly ends up being burnt for energy generation, despite comprising valuable bioactive compounds with valorisation potential. Leaves of Acacia dealbata were extracted for the first time by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) using different conditions of pressure, temperature and cosolvents. Total extraction yield, individual triterpenoids extraction yields and concentrations were assessed and contrasted with Soxhlet extractions using solvents of distinct polarity. The extracts were characterized by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and target triterpenoids were quantified. The total extraction yields ranged from 1.76 to 11.58 wt.% and the major compounds identified were fatty acids, polyols, and, from the triterpenoids family, lupenone, α-amyrin and β-amyrin. SFE was selective to lupenone, with higher individual yields (2139–3512 mg kgleaves−1) and concentrations (10.1–12.4 wt.%) in comparison to Soxhlet extractions, which in turn obtained higher yields and concentrations of the remaining triterpenoids.
... contains important chemicals with the potential to be applied in recently growing and profitable industries, such as nutraceutical, cosmetic, pharmaceutical or food industries (see Table 1). [25,26] DCM (Soxhlet, 8 h) Pharmaceutics, nutraceutics, cosmetics (low cytotoxicity/safe use) [27] ACE (Soxhlet, previous defatting with PE) Anti-inflammatory [28] MetOH (room temperature, 24 h) Antimicrobial [29] HEX, EtOH, H 2 O (Soxhlet, 16-24 h) Antimicrobial, antioxidant [22] A. karroo H 2 O (room temperature, 48 h) Anti-inflammatory [30] 2.1. 1 ...
... Specific bioactivity for spinasterol, dihydrospinasterol and respective glucosides were also referred, such as antitumorigenic potential and therapeutic potential in modulating the diabetic neuropathy evidenced by spinasterol, potent inhibitory effect on the Epstein-Barr virus early antigen attributed to dihydrospinasterol, and anticarcinogenic and cytotoxic potential exhibited by dihydrospinasterol glucoside [43]. Recently, a broader characterization of the lipophylic fraction was performed for A. dealbata bark [27]. Terpenic compounds (lupenone and lupenyl acetate) represent the major lipophilic family in A. dealbata bark (3451 mg/kg of dry bark), followed by long-chain aliphatic alcohols (1083 mg/kg of dry bark), fatty acids (1060 mg/kg of dry bark) (with more than 10% of these being unsaturated fatty acids), monoglycerides (692 mg/kg of dry bark), sterols (484 mg/kg of dry bark), aromatic compounds (29 mg/kg of dry bark) and others (744 mg/kg of dry bark), among which was α-tocopherol (a type of vitamin E) (46 mg/kg of dry bark) [27]. ...
... Recently, a broader characterization of the lipophylic fraction was performed for A. dealbata bark [27]. Terpenic compounds (lupenone and lupenyl acetate) represent the major lipophilic family in A. dealbata bark (3451 mg/kg of dry bark), followed by long-chain aliphatic alcohols (1083 mg/kg of dry bark), fatty acids (1060 mg/kg of dry bark) (with more than 10% of these being unsaturated fatty acids), monoglycerides (692 mg/kg of dry bark), sterols (484 mg/kg of dry bark), aromatic compounds (29 mg/kg of dry bark) and others (744 mg/kg of dry bark), among which was α-tocopherol (a type of vitamin E) (46 mg/kg of dry bark) [27]. Terpenic compounds, and more specifically lupenone, were reported to have good therapeutic potential in inflammation, virus infection, diabetes, cancer, and treatment of Chagas disease [46], and the positive effects of unsaturated fatty acids on the cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, renal and immune systems are well known [47]. ...
Acacia spp. are widespread all over the Portuguese territory, representing a threat to local biodiversity and to the productivity of the forest sector. The measures adopted in some countries for their eradication or to control their propagation are expensive, have been considered unfeasible from practical and economical perspectives, and have generated large amounts of residue that must be valorized in a sustainable way. This review brings together information on the valorization of bark, wood, leaves, flowers, pods, seeds, roots, and exudates from Acacia spp., through the production of high-value bioactive extracts (e.g., antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antiviral, anthelmintic, or pesticidal agents, suitable to be explored by pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, cosmetics, and food and feed industries), its incorporation in innovative materials (e.g., polymers and composites, nanomaterials, low-cost adsorbents), as well as through the application of advanced thermochemical processes (e.g., flash pyrolysis) and pre-treatments to decompose biomass in its structural components, regarding the production of biofuels along with valuable chemicals derived from cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. The knowledge of this research is important to encourage an efficient and sustainable valorization of Acacia spp. within a biorefinery concept, which can bring a significant economic return from the valorization of these residues, simultaneously contributing to forest cleaning and management, to reduce the risk of fires, and to improve the social-economic development of rural areas.
Argan oil (AO) is a valuable functional lipid due to its rich content of unsaturated fats and minor bioactive compounds with significant functional and physiological benefits. Despite its potential, comprehensive reviews on its role as dietary lipids and biological indicators are limited. This study evaluates recent findings on AO's bioactive molecules, nutritional profile, phytochemical composition, pharmacological effects, and underlying mechanisms. It highlights AO’s potential as a food ingredient and emphasizes the need for further research. AO contains bioactive compounds like phytosterols, flavonoids, vitamins, pigments, polyphenols, and trace metals, contributing to its health benefits. It aids in preventing cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and cancer and helps reduce acne-related issues, thanks to compounds like syringic, ferulic, and caffeic acids. Widely used in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries, AO also exhibits antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, and cardioprotective properties. Additionally, triterpenoids like lupenone, ursane, and oleanane enhance their anticancer and antidiabetic potential. AO's promising health benefits call for expanded research into its nutritional applications, particularly in food systems. Due to the limited studies on the utilization of AO in foods, further research is highly recommended based on the current findings of this study. Future studies should explore the application of AO across various food systems. Collaboration between academia and industry is essential to optimize AO's use for both domestic and industrial purposes, thereby unlocking its full potential.
