Figure - available from: Experimental Physiology
This content is subject to copyright. Terms and conditions apply.
The internal carotid artery blood flow mean response time (CVRCO2${\mathrm{CV}}{{\mathrm{R}}_{{\mathrm{C}}{{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{2}}}}}$ MRT) in males and females during cerebrovascular reactivity to carbon dioxide (a) and the relationship between peak oxygen uptake allometrically scaled to lean body mass (V̇O2max${\dot V_{{{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{2}}}{\mathrm{max}}}}$) and CVRCO2${\mathrm{CV}}{{\mathrm{R}}_{{\mathrm{C}}{{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{2}}}}}$ MRT (b) in pre‐ (blue circles) and post‐ (yellow triangles) PHV youth (Pre‐PHV Youth: R² = 0.13; P = 0.014. Post‐PHV Youth: R² = 0.02; P = 0.406). P‐values within the figure plot indicate a significant difference between groups during post hoc comparisons.
Source publication
Global cerebral blood flow (gCBF) and cerebrovascular reactivity to hypercapnia (CVRCO2${\mathrm{CV}}{{\mathrm{R}}_{{\mathrm{C}}{{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{2}}}}}$) are modulated by gonadal hormone activity, while insulin‐like growth factor 1 facilitates exercise‐mediated cerebral angiogenesis in adults. Whether critical periods of heightened hormonal a...
Citations
... By contrast, habitual exercise is associated with better emotional regulation strategies [26], greater inhibitory control [27], and greater resilience, strengthening self-regulation through top-down control of bottom-up processing [28]. Studies on young people suggest that high-intensity interval training (HIIT) could have more positive effects on cognitive performance and psychological outcomes [29], promoting higher levels of neurotrophic factors, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factors [30], synaptic plasticity [31], and increased cerebral blood flow [32]. Nonetheless, more studies on the intensity of PA among young people and its relationship with positive emotional and cognitive variables must be carried out. ...
The college years represent a crucial developmental period in which unhealthy behaviors, including smoking, alcohol consumption, inadequate physical activity (PA), poor sleep quality, and unhealthy nutrition habits are often acquired, influencing the onset or exacerbation of pre-existing mental disturbances such as anxiety, depression, or difficulties in emotion regulation. Our aim was to analyze the effect of the intensity of physical activity (PA) on the emotional, behavioral, and cognitive variables in a sample of young people. We recruited 103 participants (19.85 ± 0.25) who completed several online questionnaires (IPAQ-SF, STAI-t, DERS, UPPS-P, ISP-20, and Mini-IPIP). Subsequently, face-to-face sessions were conducted to assess the cognitive variables and to collect more details about their lifestyle habits, including drug use, sleep quality, and leisure activities. Based on the IPAQ-SF results, we categorized the sample into three groups: light PA (n = 47), moderate PA (n = 29), and vigorous PA (n = 27). Vigorous PA group showed better emotional regulation, lower impulsivity, fewer prefrontal symptoms and unhealthy behaviors, better sleep quality, and more leisure activities. No significant cognitive differences were found. It seems that young people are a vulnerable group with emotional and impulsivity traits and engaging in intense PA appears to be a promising avenue for managing these symptoms. In conclusion, our study suggests that young people are a vulnerable group with emotional and impulsivity traits that may precipitate in future mental disorders. Nevertheless, engaging in PA, particularly at high intensity, appears to be a promising avenue for reducing and managing these symptoms during this critical period of life.
... Oxygen consumption was measured continuously (Oxycon Pro, Jaeger, Hoechberg, Germany) throughout an incremental exercise test on an electronically braked cycle ergometer (Excalibur Sport, Lode, Groningen, The Netherlands) to volitional exhaustion and a constant-load supramaximal verification test described previously (21,22). Briefly, a 3min warm-up cycling at 10 W was followed by height and training status-specific workload increments applied in a continuous ramp fashion. ...
... Indeed, exercise-trained children had the largest unscaled percent change in FMD, so likely require longer to reach their "maximal functional capacity." Likewise, children also exhibit a slower time to peak FMD than adults (41), and slower endothelium-dependent cerebrovascular reactivity than adolescents (22). However, it is unclear if structural characteristics of the artery, the influx of vasoactive gonadal sex hormones on endothelial NO-signalling, hematological adaptations, or other vasomotor pathway adaptations modify the temporal component of FMD during adolescence. ...
Chronic exercise training is associated with an 'athlete's artery' phenotype in young adults and an attenuated age-related decline in endothelium-dependent arterial function. Adolescence is associated with an influx of sex-specific hormones that may exert divergent effects on endothelial function, but whether training adaptations interact with biological maturation to produce a 'youth athlete's artery' has not been explored. We investigated the influence of exercise training-status on endothelium-dependent arterial function during childhood and adolescence. Brachial artery flow mediated dilation (FMD) was assessed in n=102 exercise-trained (males: n=25, females: n=29) and untrained (males: n=23, females: n=25) youths, characterised as pre- (males: n=25, females: n=26) or post- (males: n=23, females: n=28) predicted age at peak height velocity (PHV). Baseline brachial artery diameter was larger in post- compared to pre-PHV youths ( P≤0.001), males compared to females ( P≤0.001), and trained compared to untrained youths (3.26 ± 0.51mm vs 3.11 ± 0.42mm; P=0.041). Brachial FMD was similar in pre- and post-PHV youths ( P=0.298), and males and females ( P=0.946). However, exercise trained youths demonstrated higher FMD when compared to untrained counterparts (5.3 ± 3.3% vs 3.0 ± 2.6%; P≤0.001). Furthermore, brachial artery diameter ( r ² =0.142; P=0.007 vs r ² =0.004; P=0.652) and FMD ( r ² =0.138; P=0.008 vs r ² =0.003; P=0.706) were positively associated with cardiorespiratory fitness in post-, but not pre-PHV youths, respectively. Collectively, our data indicate that exercise training is associated with brachial artery remodeling and enhanced endothelial function during youth. However, arterial remodeling and endothelium-dependent function are only associated with elevated cardiorespiratory fitness during later stages of adolescence.
... and cerebrovascular reactivity to carbon dioxide in youth, while accounting for different stages of maturation (using a somatic measure of maturity -predicted age at peak height velocity or PHV) (Talbot, Perkins, Tallon et al., 2023). This study required a considerable number of participants to account for sex, maturation and training status. ...
... Coupled with the most recent findings from Talbot, Perkins, Tallon et al. (2023), this suggests that exercise training in adolescents may be necessary to counteract the negative consequences of higher sedentary time on cerebral haemodynamics. ...
... Additional beneficial adaptions of habitual exercise may only be ʻrevealedʼ when the system is stressed, rather than by investigating CBF at rest (Brugniaux et al., 2014). The study by Talbot et al. investigated how maturation, sex and training status were related to the cerebrovascular response to steady state elevations in carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) (Talbot, Perkins, Tallon et al., 2023). While there were no significant training effects on cerebrovascular reactivity to hypercapnia, the authors reported that pre-PHV-trained children had a faster cerebrovascular response compared with the untrained group. ...
This study investigated the middle cerebral artery blood velocity (MCAv) response to constant work-rate moderate-intensity cycling exercise in 21 children (9.3±0.8 years), 17 adolescents (12.3±0.4 years) and 20 young adults (23.6±2.4 years). Participants completed an incremental ramp test to exhaustion on a cycle ergometer, to determine maximal oxygen uptake and gas exchange threshold (GET), before completing three 6-minute transitions at a moderate-intensity (90% GET), on separate visits. On each visit, bilateral MCAv was measured by transcranial Doppler ultrasonography and breath-by-breath end-tidal carbon dioxide (P ET CO 2 ) via a metabolic cart. Data were ensemble-averaged for each participant and analysed using a mono-exponential model. Absolute MCAv was significantly higher throughout exercise in children and adolescents, compared to adults (P<0.001). Children had a significantly lower relative increase in MCAv from baseline (~12%) compared to adolescents (~20%) and adults (~18%, P<0.040). All adolescents and adults had a mono-exponential rise in MCAv and P ET CO 2 , but this was observed in only eight children. Children and adolescents had a significantly faster MCAv time constant (τ , 12±6 and 14±8 s, respectively) compared to adults (27±9 s, P<0.001). MCAv τ was positively associated with faster P ET CO 2 τ in adolescents (r=0.70, P=0.002) but not children (r=-0.20, P=0.640).Time- and amplitude-based response parameters of MCAv kinetics were significantly associated with P ET CO 2 kinetics in adults (r=0.50 to 0.74, P≤0.025), but not in children (r=-0.19 to -0.48, P>0.227). These findings suggest that the transition from childhood to adulthood impacts the MCAv response to exercise, and the relationships between P ET CO 2 and MCAv kinetics during exercise.
