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The repercussions from design failures have been the subject of much study. With every passing moment the implications of design deficiency presents a new set of actions and reactions. In this contemporary technological/scientific era, this field of study acts as a 'Testing Lab' of designers' ideas. Any part of the globe can serve as a testing fiel...
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... components in buildings such as windows, exhausts and ventilation ducts and air passages, serve as the respiratory organs and passages for buildings. But in the case of substandard design, these ventilation channels require more maintenance also if they are not to affect the health of the residents ( Figure 2 ). Sobotka and Thriene (1996) shows that poor ventilation can cause mould and fungi even in new buildings and which has signifi cant implications on health. ...
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... Reichart (1988) argues that when an architect or a design team uses or applies information incorrectly, or they do not have access to the pertinent information, a design error risk occurs. Due to design errors risk, design and construction quality are negatively impacted (Ishak, Chohan, & Ramly, 2007;Yarnold, Banihashemi, Lemckert, & Golizadeh, 2021). In this research, design error risks refer to the probability of design mistakes, omissions, and conflicts. ...
... Additionally, determining the number and type of tests, limits and scale of drawings and photos, as well as services provided by the client are the coordination tasks that should be conducted. As argued by Ishak et al. (2007) and Rajendran et al. (2014), poor coordination between project stakeholders causes design errors, where this study raises the importance of coordination in the process of supplementary studies stage. Here, as suggested by RIBA, a 'Schedule of Services', 'Design Responsibility Matrix', 'Information Exchanges', and 'Communication Strategies' are deemed to be the key support tasks as early as in the 'Prepare and Brief' stage to overcome poor coordination. ...
The design phase is one of the key project processes in the construction industry. Despite the architects’ responsibility to develop complete, accurate and coordinated project documents, architectural design is accompanied by multiple errors and consequential risks. That is, the errors are potentially costly and time-consuming to correct and impose significant risks if are not caught early during the design phase, and become cumbersome to be handled in the construction documents and the construction phase. The aim of this research is to identify the risky stages in the architectural design process and find what factors cause risks in that process within the context of Iran. To this end, a combination of a qualitative and quantitative method as the sequential mixed-method was designed in which the research was commenced through the qualitative exploratory investigation to discover the literature and then, proceeded to the quantitative research including questionnaire design, model structure development and the Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) application and analysis. The results of the study reveal that the greatest design risks may occur in the identification and investigation phase of the Iranian architectural design process when the feasibility studies and planning are not conducted accurately, correctly and completely. Moreover, the outcome shows that time pressures in design data collection, ambiguous objectives of the clients, and poor disciplinary coordination are the main risk factors in architectural design.
... During the data analysis, it has been identified that design, construction, and installation-related causes are significant causes according to the sensitivity analysis. In confirming the findings Ishak et al. (2007) have suggested that unplanned maintenance can be avoided if building design takes account of the need for careful and methodical planning, budgeting, monitoring, and execution. Further, Zulkarnain et al. (2011) also described that avoidable maintenance is the work required to rectify failures caused by poor design, incorrect installation, or the use of faulty materials. ...
Building maintenance is a pivotal determinant for ensuring uninterrupted and flawless operations for facilities. From the moment construction is completed until the demolition, maintenance activities must be diligently performed to establish a secure working environment. Building maintenance costs hold the considerable cost for an organization. Consequently, the effective execution of building maintenance procedures becomes imperative to reduce maintenance expenses and enhance workplace safety. Maintenance errors arise due to a range of factors, including human, management, building design, and machinery errors. Among these causative factors, human errors were more likely to occur. Accordingly, this study aims to identify the causal relationships of human errors in building maintenance. Mixed-method research approach was used with a survey strategy, where primary data was collected from a questionnaire survey and subsequent expert interviews. Data were analyzed under both qualitative and quantitative analytical approaches. 39 causes of human errors were identified through literature and among which, 13 most critical causes of human errors were identified. These critical causes were classified into four category groups, viz. information and communication, resource, management, and design, construction, and installation related. Critical human error probabilities were computed and used to develop a Bayesian Belief Network (BBN) to describe the causal relationships.
... Previous research reveals that the operation and maintenance phases have distant and rare communication with design professionals [45][46][47]. Ishak, Chohan and Ramly [48] suggested that legal consequences are lacking for defective designs. In other words, and according to Kanniyapan et al. [49], many constructive solutions adopted, mainly in exterior and visible spaces such as façades, are often created based on subjective assumptions. ...
Theoretical studies suggest that maintenance improves the state of conservation of buildings and components, increasing their durability and service life. However, the existing studies point to a qualitative improvement somewhere between “as-good-as-new” and “as-bad-as-old”. This study proposes a methodology to estimate the impact of imperfect maintenance actions on the degradation condition of painted renderings in external walls, based on an extensive fieldwork survey evaluating the timing and the effect of different maintenance actions on the life cycle of these claddings. Façades are analyzed at different instants (before and after the execution of maintenance services). The results reveal that the maintenance actions usually improve the condition of the painted renderings, although they are performed at inadequate moments. Cleaning actions reduce approximately 13% of the overall degradation condition of the claddings (12.2% for renderings and 13.2% for painted surfaces). The partial repair of renderings leads to a reduction of approximately 70% of the façade’s overall degradation condition. The façade only returns to the condition “as-good-as-new” when a total replacement of the rendering is performed. This study contributes to a better understanding of the phenomenon and to a more accurate projection of the real effect of the maintenance actions on the durability of façades.
... According to Yacob et al. (2019), deficiencies can occur in any building regardless of its age, style of design, or application. Likewise, Ishak et al. (2007) stated 1 that deficiencies can arise in buildings regardless of construction techniques or age, and that their occurrence is dependent on various causes and factors. Deficiencies also can be seen as being related more to external factors than to loss of inherent properties due to the natural process of aging. ...
... However, a considerable investment in time is required to produce a database with different types of defects and to create definitions of degradation mechanisms (Shohet et al. 1999). Furthermore, the development of deficiencies or defects also can be related to the level of design and the quality of construction, which could vary across buildings, and result in unplanned maintenance, in spite of having a structured maintenance plan (Ishak et al. 2007). On the other hand, due to the specific characteristics or uniqueness of each building and its interactions with numerous influencing factors of degradation, the complexities of the degradation process demand new approaches for better diagnoses and solutions (Tavares et al. 2020). ...
... damp or mould) rather than issues with construction and materials, however given the relatively young age of the study buildings (median 3 years, mean 4.3 years), it is less likely the reported defects are the result of poor upkeep. Indeed, it has been suggested that building maintenance problems are often a consequence of design and construction faults (Ishak et al. 2007). Furthermore, our defects questions were specific to the residents' own apartment, and not the broader building. ...
The health implications of poorly constructed apartments are a global concern. Australian cities have experienced rapid increases in apartment development; and like many international cities, there have been widespread reports of construction defects. While there is anecdotal evidence about the stress defects cause residents, the health impacts of these specific problems have received little attention. This study investigates whether defects in contemporary multi-owned apartments – built during Australia’s recent apartment construction boom – are associated with poorer mental health. Residents (n = 1195) in relatively new apartment buildings (n = 114) from areas of low, mid and high disadvantage in Sydney, Melbourne and Perth completed questions on building defects and mental health. For every additional defect, mental wellbeing reduced by 0.45 points (p = 0.003) and risk of psychological distress increased by 33% (p = 0.000). There were no differences by tenure or area disadvantage. The association between defects and mental health may be aggravated by the bureaucratic obstacles faced by owner-occupiers and rental tenants when seeking or negotiating rectification work. To mitigate the negative mental health impacts of building defects in strata/condominium buildings, policy interventions are needed that minimise the incidence and severity of defects and streamline rectification processes.
... It is necessary to understand the physical and chemical properties of applied structural materials and the mechanisms of their deterioration (mechanical, climatic, chemical, biological) in the context of local environmental conditions [124]. In addition to adequate material selection and quality [122,127] and adequate protection measures, adequate details will provide greater protection of components from degradation factors [128]. The details should be designed to eliminate water accumulation on structural elements, which may occur because of rainwater penetration, condensation due to air leakage, condensation due to diffusion of water vapour, and installation leaks. ...
Sustainable building involves reducing negative environmental impacts with a simultaneous increase in life quality. The aim is to optimize building performances while considering all aspects of sustainability: environmental, economic, and social. The building structure determines the building’s performances, and it should be designed and evaluated as a subsystem of the building, in line with the objectives of the system–building. This paper investigates structural design based on integrated design objectives within the criterion of social benefits for users throughout the use phase of the building, focusing on protection and safety, aspects of comfort, spatial organization, spatial adaptability, and maintenance. The problem was studied using integrative literature review methodology and system theory. The main findings of the research are a review and critical analysis of the representative literature and the derived conceptual framework for structural design based on the criterion of social benefits for building users, which should support more comprehensive and more efficient decision-making during systemic design and optimization of buildings. The presented integrated literature review indicates the need for the application of a systemic approach to structural design in order to create sustainable buildings.
... Defects and maintenance issues in built environment pops from diverse and immaculate design concepts and solutions Ishak et al. [4]. These design initiatives often turns into an underpinning factor for defects and maintenance. ...
Information based technologies and devices have proven their effectiveness in almost all the aspects of life. In near past it was hard to believe that, building systems and devices can be controlled through phone. However, IT has made it possible and today it is difficulty to think of a normal life without IT. Mobile application is another marvel of IT technology that allows people to carry all essential businesses through various types of mobile applications. Easiness, secure and resourceful are three factors that moves the masses of population to switch overuse of mobile technology. This study has been planned to develop a mobile application to conduct house condition survey. Methodology of study is planned on three core factors i.e. literature review, a data of building defects, and application development process. An inclusive database of low rise building defects (secondary data) was acquired from from earlier research of first author. The acquired secondary data from Chohan, A.H (2007) has surfaced the various types of building defects and their implications in low rise RCC construction/buildings. Data was validated through participation at site and 10 major segments of building defects were identified. Through review of literature research validity was established, application development process was accomplished and various IoT models and similar application were identified. In application development process, study has set the hierarchy of building defects, construed app. development process in domain of building surveying, validate the data, and developed a conceptual plan of smart survey. In addition, defined the development process of mobile application. In section 3, this research has explained the development of mobile application through three major steps i.e. classifying data, setting defects hierarchy and application development. Study has succeeded to surface a prototype framework of smart “Smart Condition Survey” (SCS) which can be practically used for development of real-time mobile application.
... The four maintainability criteria currently under consideration by design engineers include [23]; (1) providing sufficient access to components [24], (2) Improving the design and use of simpler shapes and features [23], (3) End-user behavior and consideration [25], (4) Utilizing more durable materials and high strength against drastic temperature changes [26]. However, most of the operation and maintenance phase problems are directly attributable to the performance and decisions made at the design stage; although designers consider that they use the best design approaches [27]. ...
Building a new road infrastructure in the country leads to economic and industrial growth. A massive amount of money is paid by governments to build them; however, they fail due to many reasons related to operability and maintainability (O&M) issues. They are not also completed within the expected budget, time, and quality; so they are not justifiable. As these factors have a strong impact on projects, to reduce the final cost and other mentioned problems, it is necessary to identify the existing O&M barriers, their interrelationships, and their effects on the three mentioned factors. An in-depth literature review is conducted to identify the barriers. The fuzzy cognitive mapping (FCM) technique is used to model O&M barriers using real case data analyses. The findings reveal that managerial factors have more significanct impacts on the project’s success compared to other factors such as organizational, human resource, technology, and project management. Therefore, management methods are very important in developing integration in the project. Identifying, classifying, and determining the effects of barriers to entry of O&M contractors on the cost, time, and quality of road infrastructure projects show the signifcance of conducting this research, which is necessary to deal with the existing barriers. All these ultimately increase quality and reduce time and cost in road infrastructure projects.
... According to the previous studies on the causes of building defects, factors causing defects can largely be divided into DCC stages, as shown in Figure 2 [34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51]. As shown in Figure 2, causes of building defects are design errors, the selection of inappropriate materials and methods, no consideration of constructability, and insufficient design documents, etc. [34][35][36][37][38][39][40]. ...
... According to the previous studies on the causes of building defects, factors causing defects can largely be divided into DCC stages, as shown in Figure 2 [34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51]. As shown in Figure 2, causes of building defects are design errors, the selection of inappropriate materials and methods, no consideration of constructability, and insufficient design documents, etc. [34][35][36][37][38][39][40]. ...
The site analysis performed in the last ten years has found that building defects result from inconsistent decision-making and performance in the design, construction, and curing (DCC) processes. Therefore, for sustainable quality control, DCC integrated analysis and the management of causes by type and response measures should be in place. The objective of this study is to propose DCC integrated management of defects in finishing works of apartment buildings. To this end, the study surveyed 69,944 defects from 3299 apartment households and analyzed the defect types and causes by project stage. As a result, in the case of opening work (WT1), opening and closing (DT1) accounted for the highest proportion at 35.7%. In the case of furnishing work (WT2), floor installation (DT1) has the most defects. Moreover, the proposed integrated defect management technique was applied onsite, which resulted in an improvement where the defect frequency decreased by 56.80%. The results of this study will be used as the basic data for high-quality finishing projects, and the proposed management concept can be used as reference data in the establishment of a defect management system.
... The four maintainability criteria currently under consideration by design engineers include [23]; (1) providing sufficient access to components [24], (2) Improving the design and use of simpler shapes and features [23], (3) End-user behavior and consideration [25], (4) Utilizing more durable materials and high strength against drastic temperature changes [26]. However, most of the operation and maintenance phase problems are directly attributable to the performance and decisions made at the design stage; although designers consider that they use the best design approaches [27]. ...
Building a new road infrastructure in the country leads to economic and industrial growth. A massive amount of money is paid by governments to build them; however, they fail due to many reasons related to Operability and Maintainability (O&M) issues. They are not also completed within the expected budget, time, and quality; so they are not justifiable. As these factors have a strong impact on projects, to reduce the final cost and other mentioned problems, it is necessary to identify the existing O&M barriers, their interrelationships, and their effects on the three mentioned factors. An indepth literature review is conducted to identify the barriers. The Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping (FCM) technique is used to model O&M barriers using real case data analyses. The findings reveal that managerial factors have more significant impacts on the project’s success compared to other factors such as organizational, human resource, technology, and project management. Therefore, management methods are very important in developing integration in the project. Identifying, classifying, and determining the effects of barriers to entry of O&M contractors on the cost, time, and quality of road infrastructure projects show the significance of conducting this research, which is necessary to deal with the existing barriers. All these ultimately increase quality and reduce time and cost in road infrastructure projects.
