The illustration of comparison between smart grid 1.0 and smart grid 2.0 along with key features, architecture and main requirement differences.

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... to modernize and enhance the usage efficiency, reliability, and sustainability of energy distribution and management in SG1. SG2 leverages communication technologies and data analytics to transform SG1 into interconnected and intelligent systems that are capable of optimizing energy production, distribution, and consumer demands at peak periods. Fig. 4 illustrates the fundamental differences between SG1 and SG2. Instead of managing energy distribution from large power plants only as in SG1, SG2's architecture will involve both large and small producers in a distributed energy model, where microgrids can automatically be operated to serve city oases and partially managed by AI. In ...

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... in smart electricityrelated tasks should follow IEC 62056-21, an international standard for reading utility meters [82]. The connections between commercial customers' smart meters and the grid supplier can be authenticated through the PKI or custom authentication mechanisms of network carriers, e.g., LoRaWAN gateway, as illustrated in Fig. 14. The credentials used in authentication can vary, such as pre-shared keys/tokens/certificates. For 5G-based smart grids, the authentication is based on 5G PKI architecture. However, each smart meter or end device is required to be equipped with a SIM card or eSIM (which may cause a high cost). Authentication, among other services in ...