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... With people spending more time online nowadays, these platforms have become critical for information dissemination. Marketing agencies and professionals have been exploring these developments by leveraging social media to conduct brands' marketing activities, such as publishing advertisements, providing customer services, and product development [4]. As a result, most companies have embraced digital marketing to promote products and brands to target audiences online, resulting in higher sales, a larger consumer base, and building loyalty and trust. ...
... While the fake news concept is not new, the rapid development of the internet in the last decade has significantly accelerated the spread of falsified information. For instance, Martens et al. [4], indicated that the first instance of false news was reported in the 16th century. Social media and other online platforms allow people to share their ideas and knowledge, often including inaccurate information [21]. ...
... According to Google Trends, until the US presidential elections in November 2016 as a search term "fake news" suddenly increased very obviously (figure 6) [4]. ...
Fake news was conventionally assumed to mean fabricated information published in newspapers and other mass media. It was mostly done to increase the paper's sales and was unlikely to have long-term impacts on society. Fake news in marketing concerns intentionally delivering false or misleading information regarding a product or service to influence consumer behavior. Despite the severity of these impacts, we noted that there is very little scientific research on fake news in marketing and consumer behavior. This systematic literature review (LRSB) aims to bridge this knowledge gap by searching and analysing relevant publications on "fake news in marketing" and synthesising data from 117 relevant studies, providing a framework for marketers and business leaders to reduce the spread and impact of online misinformation. The main highlights identify that the implementation and use of social media, shaping a presence on the internet, diffusion, and consumption of fake news have become a serious challenge and a dominant problem in the marketing sector, especially with the growth of digital marketing. Strategically, fake news spread can be categorized into various types, and the use of these tactics can produce short-term benefits such as increased engagement and instant sales, but they can also have severe long-term costs such as reputational damage, loss of revenues and market share, and discouraged investors and shareholders.
... However, it could also be argued that this diversity has been achieved at the cost of allowing a far greater array of actors with a questionable commitment to serving the public interest entrée to this ecosystem (Benkler, Faris, and Roberts 2018). These actors have opportunities (thanks to social media platforms) to access unprecedentedly large aggregations of audience attention (Martens et al. 2018;Rashidian et al. 2019). ...
Over the past 15 years, more than 2000 newspapers in the United States have shuttered, leaving the country pockmarked by news deserts. As local newspapers have closed, networks of online local news sites have risen to replace them. We assess the largest network of this kind, Metric Media, by scraping and analyzing the content of its 999 outlets over a 2.5-month period. We find that Metric Media prioritizes the publication of state and national partisan content at the expense of local news, algorithmically generates most of its content, and fails to live up to its mission of democratizing and revitalizing local journalism.
... There is great deal of negotiation between political actors and journalists in news production to enhance their inuence on news coverage. Fake news also produced based on many factors and surrounded by a dominant element that is political effect [24]. Thus, political alignment of news publishers also impact the coverage of different events. ...
The purpose of this study is to analyse COVID-19 related news published across different geographical places, in order to gain insights in reporting differences. The COVID-19 pandemic had a major outbreak in January 2020 and was followed by different preventive measures, lockdown, and finally by the process of vaccination. To date, more comprehensive analysis of news related to COVID-19 pandemic are missing, especially those which explain what aspects of this pandemic are being reported by newspapers inserted in different economies and belonging to different political alignments. Since LDA is often less coherent when there are news articles published across the world about an event and you look answers for specific queries. It is because of having semantically different content. To address this challenge, we performed pooling of news articles based on information retrieval using TF-IDF score in a data processing step and topic modeling using LDA with combination of 1 to 6 ngrams. We used VADER sentiment analyzer to analyze the differences in sentiments in news articles reported across different geographical places. The novelty of this study is to look at how COVID-19 pandemic was reported by the media, providing a comparison among countries in different political and economic contexts. Our findings suggest that the news reporting by newspapers with different political alignment support the reported content. Also, economic issues reported by newspapers depend on economy of the place where a newspaper resides.
... Collective intelligence technologies, which were already mentioned above, should also help regulate the media environment, in which conflicts are becoming more acute. The main problem of media management is related to, including an abundance of fake news (Martens et al. 2018), a lack of trust, with the dominance of so-called "big data capitalism" (Fuchs 2020). It is known that the implementation of knowledge management systems is also impossible without trust management. ...
The purpose—this study aims to explore partnerships in the media industry's digital transformation. Partnership as a phenomenon is typical for all sectors of the economy caught up in digital transformation. However, since the media was the first industry to embark on a digital transformation, its expertise will be helpful to all other industries. The partnership assumes the participation of various content creators and the users in creating the content. The latter is most important for online partnerships in which content users participate as commentators and content evaluators. One of the main issues in the effectiveness of media projects is the trust in content.Design/methodology/approach—within the framework of this study, various types of partnerships in the media industry were examined. Traditional and network types of partnerships are distinguished, divided by the number of participants and the involvement of consumers in content creation. A model of trust in media industry partnerships is built, which can be used for further research of partnerships in other sectors of the economy. The trust model includes content personalization, the volume of partnerships, and consumer participation in this content creation. The role of partnerships in digital content creation provides an opportunity to take a different look at copyright.Findings—the proposed digital content trust model allows us to investigate the problem of trust in content in the media industry based on the participation of consumers in its creation. The chapter assumes that content personalization encourages consumers to participate in content development and makes it more trusting. In addition, trust is influenced by the scale of the partnership and the involvement of the consumer in its creation. Partnerships make media authorship collective. Since in modern media all created content is based on partnerships, this requires a revision of the copyright system.Originality/value—this study connects two trends in digital transformation: partnership and personalization (both creation and consumption) and allows us to extend the theory of collective intelligence to the media industry, which no one has done before. At the same time, a special role of network partnerships is presented, in which the content consumer also acts as a partner in its creation. Exploring this role of partnerships will have implications for other sectors of the economy in which the client begins to play the role of a partner of suppliers of products and services.Research/Practical/Social/Environment implications—many social and political problems arise around digital content use. Understanding the nature of partnerships will enable new rules for digital services in the media industry. In particular, understanding trust in the content will allow us to address the so-called fake news, which has become a constraining factor in online and traditional media development and an instrument of political struggle. Trust issues will also arise in other sectors of the economy as they become involved in digital transformation. Already today, there are problems associated with trust and, as a result, with the safety and quality of services in the financial industry, in the field of trade, etc.Research limitations—this work should be perceived as the beginning of a larger-scale study, which requires support with factual material and surveys. In the future, based on the proposed trust model, it is supposed to investigate specific media projects, particularly in video blogging content.KeywordsDigital transformationMediaSocial networksCommunicationsCommunications partnershipPersonalization
... Collective intelligence technologies, which were already mentioned above, should also help regulate the media environment, in which conflicts are becoming more acute. The main problem of media management is related to, including an abundance of fake news (Martens et al. 2018), a lack of trust, with the dominance of so-called "big data capitalism" (Fuchs 2020). It is known that the implementation of knowledge management systems is also impossible without trust management. ...
The purpose—A critical analysis of the main literature contributions dealing with the digital transformation of social subsystems in Covid-19, focusing on digital government system innovations. According to the current research, the following research questions have been prepared: What state-of-the-art approaches and solutions emerged in the Covid-19 period (or increased digitalisation) and will be a key socio-technological factor in future development digitalisation of urban (smart) ecosystems?Design/methodology/approach—The automated content analysis was provided with the software Leximancer 5.0. The authors prepared a topic analysis function to determine the most frequent topics and contents and use the automated content analysis's extraction of statistically manipulative information about the presence, intensity, and/or frequency of thematic and/or stylistic features of texts.Findings—It is expected that the emergence of a cyber-physical ecosystem will arrive soon, with smart communities having an important impact on changing the existing approaches, for example, learning, medical treatment, and smart governance.Originality/value—The chapter presents the possible changes in the post-Covid-19 world, which will accelerate processes for the emergence of the technological advanced urban environment and will be based on the outgoing digitalisation of processes. Furthermore, the chapter aims to present new knowledge based on the current findings of the future possible interaction between the citizens and governance (from communication to decision making and self-governance tools). The issue of citizens' trust in sharing their data with public infrastructure is also addressed.Research/ Practical/ Social/ Environment implications—The Covid-19 outbreak caused massive disruption to the industry and urban social ecosystems. The pandemic impacted drivers of a nation's economy and caused changes, such as the emergence of remote working, a bike-riding spike, different smart city projects were postponed or re-aligned, and technological projects aimed at protecting against Covid-19 have been given priority. Attention must also be paid to smart technologies, such as contact tracing and surveillance tools, raising concerns about privacy and human rights.Research limitations—The particular research limitation of the chapter is that the authors used a mixed-method for literature content research.KeywordsData-driven solutionsE-governmentE-healthCovid-19Cyber-physical ecosystemSmart governance
... In the current study, we focused on print media as a key influencing mechanism to shape public opinion (Jackson et al., 2016). We chose to examine print media to review the most faithful and authentic sources of Olympic discourse (Martens et al., 2018). Written print media was believed to be the content type that was least ambiguous and subjective for review as opposed to video and image types (Kassens-Noor & Lauermann, 2018). ...
This study used a quantitative content analysis and a qualitative thematic analysis to explore how the Olympic Games were framed in print media prior to two Canadian Winter Olympic referendums. Content-analysis results showed that the salient topics and the tone of newspaper articles were framed more positively prior to the successful Vancouver 2010 referendum compared with the unsuccessful Calgary 2026 referendum. The thematic analysis indicated four themes. First, news discourse emphasized the importance of Olympic vision that is congruent with host city needs. Second, the prominence of health promotion through sport as a reported theme was more associated with a successful bid. Third, the communication and quantification of intangible benefits were reported to be increasingly important so that the value of the Olympics can be assessed fairly against the ever-burgeoning hosting costs. Finally, the Olympic brand has been deteriorating, at least over the last 15-16 years according to print media. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
... This means that individuals who approach media message more cautiously tend to believe that they are better equipped than others to discern between quality news and pseudo-news and also that false content, irrespective of its source, affects others to a greater extent than themselves (Wagner and Boczkowski 2019). Additionally, in what particularly concerns social media, which are more exposed to fake news circulation (Martens et al. 2018), Chung and Kim (2021) found that exposure to fake news with fact-checking information engendered a third person effect. ...
Multiple forms of disinformation have proliferated on digital media platforms during the COVID-19 pandemic, when news consumption increased considerably. In this specific context, this paper investigates the way media diet influences the third person perceptions about people’s ability to detect fake news. We focus here on some understudied predictors of third person perception about fake news detection, such as diversity of media diet and belief in conspiracy theories. By means of a national survey (N=1006) conducted in Romania in October 2020, we test this effect for close and distant others, and the role both mainstream and online media play in this context. Main findings show that frequency of news consumption, trust in the media, and belief in conspiracy theories decrease the perceptual gap between self and others, while education and the diversity of the media diet intensifies it. Keywords: third person effect; media diet; news consumption; conspiracy theories; COVID-19. ●●●●● Platformele media digitale au favorizat apariția unor forme multiple de dezinformare în timpul pandemiei de COVID-19, atunci când consumul de știri a crescut considerabil. În acest context, prezenta lucrare investighează modul în care dieta (agenda!!) media influențează percepțiile oamenilor cu privire capacitatea lor și a celor din jur de a detecta știri false (percepția celei de-a treia persoane; en. third person perception). Sunt analizați predictori ai acestei percepții, precum diversitatea dietei (agendei) media și credința în teoriile conspirației. Prin intermediul unui sondaj național (N=1006) realizat în România în octombrie 2020, este analizat efectul celei de-a treia persoane și rolul pe care mass-media mainstream și cea online îl joacă în acest context. Principalele rezultate arată faptul că frecvența consumului de știri, încrederea în mass-media și credința în teoriile conspirației scad decalajul perceptiv dintre sine și ceilalți, în timp ce educația și diversitatea dietei mass-media îl intensifică. Cuvinte-cheie: efectul celei de-a treia persoane; dieta media; consum de știri; teorii ale conspirației; COVID-19.
... The resulting recommendations (Meta contributors, 2021) propose structural and systemic changes in the Wikimedia movement to shape the future of collaborative knowledge creation and sharing, with the ambition of becoming "the essential infrastructure of the ecosystem of free knowledge". This is a timely effort in an era where disinformation is on the rise (Martens et al., 2018), with populations unable to distinguish fact from fiction and therefore potentially more susceptible to manipulation. In this context, Wikipedia has the potential to become a guiding light to others, in how to ensure that knowledge is inclusive, comprehensive and trustworthy; and how to identify threats to these efforts and correct them. ...
... Las recomendaciones resultantes (Meta contributors, 2021) proponen cambios estructurales y sistémicos en el movimiento Wikimedia para dar forma al futuro de la creación y el intercambio colaborativo de conocimiento, con la ambición de convertirse en "la infraestructura esencial del ecosistema del conocimiento libre". Este es un esfuerzo oportuno en una era donde la desinformación está en aumento (Martens et al., 2018), con poblaciones incapaces de distinguir la realidad de la ficción y, por lo tanto, potencialmente más susceptibles de ser manipuladas. En este contexto, Wikipedia tiene el potencial de convertirse en una luz guía para otros, sobre cómo garantizar que el conocimiento sea inclusivo, integral y confiable; y cómo identificar las amenazas a estos esfuerzos y corregirlos. ...
... Les recomanacions resultants (meta col·laboradors, 2021) proposen canvis estructurals i sistèmics en el moviment Wikimedia per a donar forma al futur de la creació i l'intercanvi de coneixement col·laboratiu, amb l'ambició de convertir-se en "la infraestructura essencial de l'ecosistema del coneixement lliure". Aquest és un esforç oportú en una època en què la desinformació augmenta (Martens et al., 2018), amb poblacions incapaces de distingir la realitat de la ficció i, per tant, potencialment més vulnerables a la manipulació. En aquest context, la Viquipèdia té el potencial de convertir-se en un far per a guiar els altres, en la manera d'assegurar que el coneixement sigui inclusiu, integral i fiable, i d'identificar les amenaces a aquests esforços i corregir-les. ...
