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| The four industrial revolutions. From the Wikimedia Commons. Christoph Roser at AllAboutLean.com licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license (Roser, 2015).
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There is an increasing diffusion of the industry 4. 0 concept today. The fourth industrial revolution, following three other previous industrial revolutions, is considered related to the introduction of modern information and communication technologies in production. Tribological concepts are much older than industry. Tribology has always been conn...
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... When considering environmental factors and expenses, which are also related to greater temperatures, it results in the use of small amounts of lubricant. In this manner, the lubricated contacts are subjected to increasingly demanding conditions, necessitating a very complicated design and tests on actual machine parts [5]. Due to the vast number of transportation modes in use worldwide, tribological research pertaining to transportation (cars, planes, helicopters, and trains) can have a significant negative impact on the environment [4]. ...
... Industrial machinery that was powered by water and steam mostly consisted of the steam power, the textile manufacturing, and mechanical engineering. [5]. ...
... Between the close of the nineteenth and the beginning of the early twentieth century , there was a considerable rise in mass production that had been linked to the excessive use of electrical energy. It was marked by the widespread use of electricity and petroleum, the intense separation of labor, the growth of the rail industry, and the expansion of the steel production [5]. ...
Over the past 25 years, natural resources have been used up quickly, causing significant damage and contamination to the planet which is earth. Tribology, a new technology for keeping power and parts running, supported extremely fast and efficient coal and oil-powered machinery throughout history. Many different kinds of resource reserves, like those for power and parts, will be gone in a century. Revolutionary zero-emission and durability technologies are in high demand all over the world in order to create new, truly healthy and long-lasting lifestyles for humans and other living things in a symbiotic way. Tribology is expected to expand its technological innovation in order to support a new industrial trend and meet the requirements of the sector. At the moment, the primary factors influencing engine development are cost, performance, governmental requirements, and consumer requirements. In a few instances, the requirements are linked to tribology. For engines to last longer and be more reliable, tribology advancements that reduce friction and increase wear resistance will be crucial. The components under scrutiny are a part of the heavy-duty diesel engines’ valvetrain mechanism. The fuel injector places a lot of strain on the injection cam, making it one of the camshaft’s most problematic components. Lubrication plays a crucial role in avoiding cam failure caused by wear. The cam and roller contact, in any case, has shown to be one of the most provoking tribological plan challenges to handle. For lubricated contacts, the type and amount of wear are significantly influenced by the degree of separation between the surfaces. The term “specific film thickness” refers to this degree of separation and measures the degree to which asperities interact with one another in the lubricated contact. In order to predict lubrication regimes and, consequently, identify the injection cam’s likely wear zones, this paper focuses on measuring the oil film thickness in the cam-roller contact and other machine parts that follows. The results of the experiment (the observation of worn cam surfaces) are then confronted. In the near future, a multivariate analysis will be used to ascertain how the various parameters affect oil film thickness. The following stage will primarily focus on modeling injection cam wear, which will also include quantifying relationships between wear and a specific film thickness.
... However, innovations related to the industrial revolution have brought new tribological challenges to be solved. The failure of almost all mechanical parts is primarily caused by friction and wear [8][9][10][11]. Furthermore, with the increasingly urgent requirements for large equipment and high efficiency in the industry, as well as because of various advanced equipment working in extremely harsh conditions, friction and wear have limited the efficiency and functionality of current processes, equipment, and machines [12,13]. Therefore, the development of high-performance and further enhancement of wear-resistant materials will bring great economic and social benefits. ...
... Excessive consumption of energy resources not only increases costs, but also has a hazardous impact on health and the environment due to its significant carbon footprint, greenhouse gas emissions, and release of toxic waste [1]. In this context, sustainable production involves a fine balance between improved productivity and minimizing the environmental impact [2][3][4]. During machining processes, such as metal cutting, high friction and heat are generated at the tool/chip interface. ...
... By assuming a rectangular cross section of the real chip, the deformed chip thickness t 2 can be defined using the weight method of Equation (3) [30]: where W and l are the weight and the length of a piece of chip respectively, ρ is the material density, and b 1 is the width of the uncut chip [5]. The undeformed chip thickness t 1 is a constant value of 0.149 mm obtained from the feed rate and cutting-edge angle, according to Equation (4). In addition, for a zero-rake angle the shear angle Φ was calculated as follows [31]: ...
... where W and l are the weight and the length of a piece of chip respectively, ρ is the material density, and b1 is the width of the uncut chip [5]. The undeformed chip thickness t1 is a constant value of 0.149 mm obtained from the feed rate and cutting-edge angle, according to Equation (4). In addition, for a zero-rake angle the shear angle Φ was calculated as follows [31]: ...
In times of societal development, sustainability has become a major concern for many manufacturers in the metal industries. In this context, surface texturing of cutting tools offers a promising approach in terms of reducing energy consumption and material waste. In this work, direct laser interference patterning is utilized for producing periodic line-like structures with spatial periods of 2.0 µm and 5.5 µm on rake-flank faces of cemented tungsten carbide cutting inserts. Structure depths up to 1.75 µm are reached by controlling the applied number of laser pulses. Turning experiments under lubricated conditions carried out on Al 6061 T6 parts with textured and untreated tools are performed to determine their tribological performances. The used textured cutting tools can effectively decrease machining forces up to 17% due to the corresponding improvement in frictional behavior at the tool/chip interface. Furthermore, the laser-processed tools produce thinner chips and decrease the surface roughness by 31% of the aluminum work piece.
... The outcome of this study contributed to eliminating the production bottleneck. In the context of triboinformatics or tribology 4.0 [63], advanced data handling, analysis and learning methods can be developed based upon this sound and data-rich foundation [64]. There has great potential to automatize and optimize the data acquisition and processing, which is presently still very manual in the field of tribology. ...
Drawbeads are used when forming drawpieces with complex shapes to equalise the flow resistance of a material around the perimeter of the drawpiece or to change the state of stress in certain regions of the drawpiece. This article presents a special drawbead simulator for determining the value of the coefficient of friction on the drawbead. The aim of this paper is the application of artificial neural networks (ANNs) to understand the effect of the most important parameters of the friction process (sample orientation in relation to the rolling direction of the steel sheets, surface roughness of the counter-samples and lubrication conditions) on the coefficient of friction. The intention was to build a database for training ANNs. The friction coefficient was determined for low-carbon steel sheets with various drawability indices: drawing quality DQ, deep-drawing quality DDQ and extra deep-drawing quality EDDQ. Equivalents of the sheets tested in EN standards are DC01 (DQ), DC03 (DDQ) and DC04 (EDDQ). The tests were carried out under the conditions of dry friction and the sheet surface was lubricated with machine oil LAN46 and hydraulic oil LHL32, commonly used in sheet metal forming. Moreover, various specimen orienta-tions (0° and 90°) in relation to the rolling direction of the steel sheets were investigated. Moreover, a wide range of surface roughness values of the counter-samples (Ra = 0.32 μm, 0.63 μm, 1.25 μm and 2.5 μm) were also considered. In general, the value of the coefficient of friction increased with increasing surface roughness of the counter-samples. In the case of LAN46 machine oil, the effectiveness of lubrication decreased with increasing mean roughness of the counter-samples Ra = 0.32-1.25 μm. With increasing drawing quality of the sheet metal, the effectiveness of lubrication increased, but only in the range of surface roughness of the counter-samples in which Ra = 0.32-1.25 μm. This study investigated different transfer functions and training algorithms to develop the best artificial neural network structure. Backpropagation in an MLP structure was used to build the structure. In addition, the COF was calculated using a parameter-based analytical equation. Garson partitioning weight was used to calculate the relative importance (RI) effect on coefficient of friction. The Bayesian regularization backpropagation (BRB)-Trainbr training algorithm , together with the radial basis normalized-Radbasn transfer function, scored best in predicting the coefficient of friction with R 2 values between 0.9318 and 0.9180 for the training and testing datasets, respectively.
... It is still debatable, however, whether the first reaction sequence occurred upon the formation of the Ti-Al system or the Ti-Ni system. Further studies might be required to explore other factors affecting the coating performance, such as the presence of pores and inclusions (Romanova et al., 2020), surface tribology (Ciulli, 2019), corrosion resistance (Darmawan et al., 2022), and the quality of the adhesion (Anggono, 2020). The coating is expected to be used in many applications with higher loads, such as spur gear (Muhammad and Haruna Shanono, 2021) and ballistic panels (Mohd Yuhazri Yaakob et al., 2020). ...
Intermetallic systems of Nickel (Ni), Aluminium (Al), and Titanium (Ti) are candidates for lightweight materials that offer high-temperature resistance. Combustion synthesis has been widely studied to produce intermetallic and coating deposition by exploiting the heat released by the combustion. An underlayer is often used to enhance the adhesion of the coating to the substrate. The interaction of the coating and the underlayer during heating is, therefore, crucial for achieving a good adhesion quality. This work aimed to investigate the microstructure and properties of the interfacial formation across the NiAl coatings and Ti underlayers formed by combustion synthesis. Induction heating was used to initiate the heating and reaction process with heating rates of 46.6, 57.0, and 85.5 K/s. The microstructure was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) equipped with an Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) detector, whereas the formed phases were identified using X-ray Diffraction (XRD) tests. The hardness distribution was measured by the Vickers microhardness test. The result shows that NiAl with Al-rich and Ni-rich were formed in the coating region. The average thickness of the coating increases by approximately 200, 300, and 400 µm with a heating rate of 46.6, 57.0, and 85.5 K/s, respectively. The different thicknesses of the coating can be attributed to the migration of Ni/Al from the coating to the underlayer zones. The microstructure observed in the underlayer confirms the formation of several intermetallic phases of Ni-Ti and Ti-Al systems. The infiltration of Ni and Al elements from Ni and Al to Ti sides was responsible for generating a reaction between Ni-Ai-Ti. The formation of Ti 2 Ni–Ti 3 Al phases in the underlayer increases with the heating rate. The hardness across the coating, interface, and underlayer increases with the heating rates. The heating rate of 46.6, 57.0, and 85.5 K/s results in the hardness of the interface by 669.1, 804.8, and 967.7 HV, whereas the underlayer increases by 680.1, 772.7, and 978.7 HV, respectively. The increased content of the Ni-Al-Ti system, which are AlNi 2 Ti and Ti 2 Ni–Ti 3 Al phases, was attributed to the increased hardness of the interface and underlayer. This work improves the understanding of second reactions across the interface while fabricating coatings that apply an underlayer.
... New impulses in the innovative development of hydraulic components and systems, which use the latest tribological materials, special fluids and electronic intelligent systems for monitoring of the critical machine components with the support of information and communication technologies, are currently especially important in the context of the strategy Industry 4.0 (Ciulli, 2019). Du et al. (2019) and Hnilicová et al. (2021) reported that hydraulic oil is undoubtedly one of the most important components in broad diversity of technical applications, hydraulic systems not excluding, which contains a lot of tribological information and directly affects the proper operation of the entire system. ...
The research presented supported a comprehensive assessment of the condition of real oil samples of the HM quality class and VG 46 viscosity grade as functions of oil usage time in the hydraulic system of two round timber sorting and transport carriages (RSTW I and RSTW II ) Baljer & Zembrod intended for handling wood logs by following the degradation and concentration of abrasive metals in the oil. The oil data were collected every Δ = 500 operating hours during one year by off-line monitoring of hydraulic oil. Measured values were compared to the acceptability limits. Multivariate associations were analysed using a principal component analysis (PCA; Statistica 12.0) to describe the patterns of co-variation among the examined traits. Based on the data obtained, it was observed that the oil in RSTW I was more oxidatively stressed in contrast to the oil in RSTW II despite it being subjected to an excessive wear mode.
... The term "tribology" [1] was first found in the report of British tribology expert Peter Jost [2]. However, the time of friction phenomenon is earlier than any literature records. ...
Friction and wear is a common phenomenon in production and life, and it is also a problem that cannot be eliminated. Friction has a positive side, but it also brings many problems, and the positive side should be used. Tribology is a subject specializing in the study of friction, wear, and lubrication. In recent years, after the joint research of scholars from all over the world, fruitful results have been achieved in the research of tribology in the fields of manufacturing, materials, and medicine. This paper firstly introduces the friction and wear problems in today's world, as well as the economic and environmental problems brought about, and shows the research status and its far-reaching influence in various fields; film technology and lubrication technology were analyzed, the working mechanism of each technology was explained, and the advantages and disadvantages of each technology were shown; the synergy brought about by the combined use of various technologies was mainly discussed, and the synergy of each technology was demonstrated by examples. The advantages of solving the tribological problems at the current stage, the combined use of two or more technologies can make up for each other to a certain extent. Finally, the full text is summarized and the prospect of multi-technology collaboration is prospected.
... In general, the starting point of the two viewpoints is different, but the same issues are at stake for the same problems, the final problem to be solved is the same, and the ultimate goal is to improve the efficiency and quality of the packing. Currently, 2D irregular layout algorithms have been applied to industry, such as additive manufacturing Griffiths et al., 2019), factory layout (Jeong et al., 2018;Qin et al., 2018), and other manufacturing industries (M'Hallah and Bouziri, 2016;Xu, 2016;Ciulli, 2019;Hamada et al., 2019). ...
Two-dimensional (2D) irregular packing problems are widespread in manufacturing industries such as shipbuilding, metalworking, automotive production, aerospace, clothing and furniture manufacturing. Research on 2D irregular packing problems is essential for improving material utilization and industrial automation. Much research has been conducted on this problem with significant research results and certain algorithms. The work has made important contributions to solving practical problems. This paper reviews recent advances in the domain of 2D irregular packing problems based on a variety of research papers. We first introduce the basic concept and research background of 2D irregular packing problems and then summarize algorithms and strategies that have been proposed for the problems in recent years. Conclusion summarize development trends and research hotspots of typical 2D irregular shape packing problems. We hope that this review could provide guidance for researchers in the field of 2D irregular packing.
... This complicates the creation of discipline-specific data infrastructures and the standards for experimental procedure and result documentation are still missing 13 . The lack of standards can be partially attributed to the characteristic that tribologists usually interpret research results through the prism of their own scientific backgrounds, which can span a wide variety of physical science and engineering fields 14,15 . ...
Solutions for the generation of FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable) data and metadata in experimental tribology are currently lacking. Nonetheless, FAIR data production is a promising path for implementing scalable data science techniques in tribology, which can lead to a deeper understanding of the phenomena that govern friction and wear. Missing community-wide data standards, and the reliance on custom workflows and equipment are some of the main challenges when it comes to adopting FAIR data practices. This paper, first, outlines a sample framework for scalable generation of FAIR data, and second, delivers a showcase FAIR data package for a pin-on-disk tribological experiment. The resulting curated data, consisting of 2,008 key-value pairs and 1,696 logical axioms, is the result of (1) the close collaboration with developers of a virtual research environment, (2) crowd-sourced controlled vocabulary, (3) ontology building, and (4) numerous-seemingly-small-scale digital tools. Thereby, this paper demonstrates a collection of scalable non-intrusive techniques that extend the life, reliability, and reusability of experimental tribological data beyond typical publication practices.
... Artificial intelligence or machine learning tools are based on a wide set of methods, including computational tools and modelling for inferring from broad data sets that can ultimately be used to perform predictions of parameters investigated [L. [3][4][5]. ML and AI enable the exploration of complex processes of tribological systems and are capable of describing their performance even in real-time [L. 6]. ...
Artificial intelligence is becoming commonplace in various research and industrial fields. In tribology, various statistical and predictive methods allow an analysis of numerical data in the form of tribological characteristics and surface structure geometry, to mention just two examples. With machine learning algorithms and neural network models, continuous values can be predicted (regression), and individual groups can be classified. In this article, we review the machine learning and neural networks application to the analysis of research results in a broad context. Additionally, a case study is presented for selected machine learning tools based on tribological tests of padding welds, from which the tribological characteristics (friction coefficient, linear wear) and wear indicators (maximum wear depth, wear area) were determined. The study results were used in exploratory data analysis to establish the correlation trends between selected parameters. They can also be the basis for regression analysis using machine learning algorithms and neural networks. The article presents a case study using these approaches in the tribological context and shows their ability to accurately and effectively predict selected tribological characteristics.
