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Conventional green roofs, although having numerous advantages, could place water resources under pressure in dry periods due to irrigation requirements. Moreover, the thermal efficiency of green roofs could decrease without irrigation, and the plants could get damaged. Therefore, this study aims to improve the efficiency of conventional green roofs...
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... new proposed green roof with fog and dew harvesting systems are presented in Figures 2-4. Figure 5 shows the location of the fog harvesting mesh and solar panels in the north and south hemispheres. ...
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Citations
... Adapting existing infrastructures to improve resilience to climate change, plus [79][80][81][82][83] implementing models and assessments, such as the Storm Water Management (SWMM) and Real Time Control (RTC) allow the design and improvement of drainage infrastructure, adapting it to future needs and local characteristics even through these models have not reached the expected range, [84,85] denote systems wich include vegetation, not only improve the urban aesthetic but also increase resilience to flooding by naturally absorbing water (NBS); these proposal of various strategies such as integration of BGI, GIS tools and SuDS seek to maximize environmental, social and economic benefits while minimizing environmental impact [18,78,[86][87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95][96][97][98][99][100]; additionally the need for policy and strategic frameworks to emphasize effective water resource management, including green water valuation and technologies adapting to new concepts for water monitoring and conservation in vulnerable areas [68,[101][102][103][104][105][106][107][108][109][110][111][112][113][114][115][116][117]; a concept that highlights among papers [118][119][120][121][122][123][124][125][126][127][128][129][130][131][132][133][134][135][136][137], is urban resilience wich is achieved through the integration of green, blue and grey infrastructures, this implies a proactive and innovative approach; added to this [138,139] support the sustainability criterion in urban ecosystem management not only control floods but also provide vital ecosystem services such as habitat provision and water quality regulation. In parallel to these ideas SuDS take a main pillar because their effectiveness lies in their multifunctional approach wich includes systems such as green roofs, vegetated ditches, permeable pavements, among others, strengthen and encourage a reduction 12 in the load of traditional drainage infrastructure and the improvement of water efficiency [140][141][142][143][144][145][146][147][148][149][150][151][152][153][154][155]. Finally, [156,157] plays a crucial role in urban flood mitigation by providing advanced tools to model and assess water behavior in urban environments through the use of hybrid frameworks that combine hydrological and hydraulic modeling. ...
Achieving Urban Flood Resilience (UFR) is essential for modern societies, requiring the implementation of effective practices in different countries to mitigate hydrological events. Green Water Systems (GWS) emerge as a promising alternative to achieve UFR, but they are still poorly explored and present varied definitions. This article aims to define GWS within the framework of sustainable practices and propose a regulation that promotes UFR. Through a systematic review of existing definitions and an analy-sis of international regulations on Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SuDS), the study reveals diverse perceptions and applications of GWS and their role in Blue-Green Infrastructure (BGI). The research proposes a standardized definition of GWS and their role in Blue – Green Infrastructure (BGI). The research proposes a standardized definition of GWS and the implementation of SuDS in Peru, addressing the current knowledge gap and contributing to the development of sustainable urban infrastructure.
... It was checked that the water requirement in the hottest period (June to September) is at most 2 L/m2 per day. Such value is less than that of an extensive green roof in a Mediterranean climate, for which an average daily water requirement is ranged between 2.6 and 9.0 L/m2 per day (Pirouz, 2021). Although the Living Wall System cross-section is only a few centimetres, thus enabling a small growing medium, the plant species tested (Bergenia crassifolia, Heuchera and Lonicera nitida) did not show any stress, keeping the LAI comparable to an analogue species, planted in soil, under the same climate (Serra et al., 2018). ...
Mediterranean compact cities are increasingly at risk because of climate change and,
in particular, extreme rainfall events. The increased intensity of these phenomena poses
a significant threat in terms of infrastructure damage and human loss. The proposed
work aims to create an unambiguous methodological process that can be repeated
in any context and at any geographic scale to create adaptive urban planning and
reduce pluvial flooding risk, within compact urban fabric. The realized process creates a
dynamic simulation of rainfall flows within the urban fabric, depending on topography,
housing density and the presence of permeable surfaces. This parametric simulation
allows to highlight buildings and areas exposed to risk from extreme rainfall events,
through iterative analytical processes. The research highlights suitable urban spaces for
introducing sustainable drainage systems and nature-based solutions useful to reduce
environmental, social and economic damage from heavy rainfall and subsequent
flooding
... Los suds utilizan modelos computacionales y simulaciones para evaluar el comportamiento y la eficacia de los techos verdes en diferentes condiciones climáticas y situaciones urbanas (Azevedo et al , 2022;F. Li et al , 2021;Liu et al , 2020;MacKinnon et al , 2023;Pirouz et al , 2021). Además de esto, en la evaluación del desempeño de cap se emplean tecnologías como sensores para la medición y monitoreo (Iffland et al , 2021;Khamis et al , 2023;Wei et al , 2020). ...
Las Soluciones basadas en la Naturaleza (SbN) es un concepto introducido a inicios del siglo xxi, con la finalidad de presentar acciones que se inspiran en los ecosistemas naturales para abordar problemáticas ambientales y sociales. Los techos verdes es una SbN sustentable, con ellos se busca adaptar las ciudades al cambio climático ya que sus beneficios se alinean a siete Objetivos de Desarrollo (ods). En 1970 surgió esta SbN la cual ha atravesado por diversas modificaciones en su estructura, así como también la conjunción con otras alternativas verdes con el enfoque de obtener más beneficios. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar la integración de los techos verdes con diversas SbN por medio de una revisión histórica (2002-2022). Para ello se realizó un análisis sistemático y bibliométrico obteniendo información de la base de datos Web of Science y los datos fueron pro- cesados en el software R para la generación de mapas de temáticas principales. Se reconocieron tres SbN como instrumentos que optimizan la funcionalidad de los techos verdes, estas son: uso de paneles solares, agricultura urbana, captación de agua de lluvia. Los resultados permiten observar la gran importancia del uso de techos ver- des compuestos con otros sistemas como un medio para fortalecer la infraestructura verde y azul en las zonas urbanas mejorando así la calidad ambiental.
... Nature-based (NBS) is one of the best solutions to reduce the effect of climate change recently (Parker et al., 2020). The main advantages of NBSs include stormwater management (Senes et al., 2021), improving runoff quality (Demirezen and Kazezyılmaz-Alhan, 2022), and moderating roof temperate (Pirouz et al., 2021). However, there are some limits in conventional NBSs. ...
The advantages of nature-based solutions (NBS) are plenty, but conventional systems confront some limits. Therefore, developing new systems with higher efficiency and fewer limits seems necessary. In this regard, in this study, an innovative multifunctional NBS system has been proposed, combined with specific filters made from ceramic and soil, and is IoT-based, resulting in more effective flood control management. In addition, the system is multifunctional as one system can be applied for self-irrigated street-side planting, flood management, and runoff treatment.
... The incidents show how crucial it is to build infrastructure and put in place allencompassing water management plans in order to lessen the negative consequences of water shortage and provide residents in these regions with sustainable access to drinkable water. By increasing groundwater recharge and water usage e ciency, techniques including rainwater collecting, soil moisture con-servation, and water recycling can help alleviate some of these problems [19,20]. ...
The levels of Atmospheric Water Stress (AWS) and Atmospheric Water Availability (AWA) in Jharkhand, India was investigated in this study. The analysis makes use of MODIS NDVI and Terra Climate data that have undergone Google Earth Engine (GEE) processing. Following the computation of mean annual values for Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), run-off, precipitation, and Evapotranspiration (ET), AWS and AWA are classified based on these indices. Significant geographical variations in ET, precipitation, runoff, AWS, and AWA are revealed by the results across a few Jharkhand regions. Purbi Singhbhum exhibits significantly higher rates of ET than Garhwa, Palamu, and Chatra, which experience comparatively lower rates. Geographic areas with high levels of AWS, including Sahibganj, Godda, Pakur, Garhwa, and Kodarma, serve as indicators of more severe water scarcity. Consequently, these regions necessitate the implementation of targeted water management strategies. Conversely, varying degrees of AWS are observed in districts including Giridih, Chatra, Jamtara, Latehar, Simdega, and Hazaribagh, underscoring the need for individualized interventions. By identifying regions with limited water availability, the AWA index facilitates the formulation of well-informed resource management decisions. AWS is exacerbated by climate variability, which impacts the distribution of temperatures and precipitation, particularly in regions where AWS levels are high. Local infrastructure development and the implementation of water management strategies are crucial for mitigating the effects of water scarcity.
... Their benefits include the improvement of air quality through carbon dioxide concentration reduction, the reduction in heat island effects, and the urban aesthetics improvement that leads to community psychological benefits [58]. According to [59], during the summer, in arid regions, the average water consumption of a green roof is 2.7 L/m 2 /day. Then, it is possible to determine the extension of a green roof that could be watered with the greywater generated in the building. ...
Since Tacna is a hyper-arid region, greywater is a potential alternative water source. This study aimed to quantify and characterize greywater in a university building with 732 students, as well as assess their perception of greywater reuse. Water meters were used to calculate greywater quantity. To assess untreated greywater quality, physical–chemical and microbiological parameters were analyzed. Questionnaires were used to measure students’ acceptance regarding greywater reuse using a Likert scale. The greywater quantity recorded in this study was 426.85 L/d, which is less than reported in previous global research. The greywater quality showed relatively low values regarding physical–chemical parameters; however, microbial contamination was higher compared to international permissible limits for wastewater reuse. Furthermore, it was found that the generated greywater has little biodegradability (0.38). Students disclosed a lower acceptance of reusing untreated greywater compared to a 77.05% acceptance of reusing treated greywater for green areas. According to the greywater characterization, biological treatment will not be enough to ensure environmental protection and user health; thus, physical–chemical treatment will also be needed. The produced greywater quantities would generate a 12.67% water saving if used for toilet flushing. The greywater volume fulfills the whole demand for watering green areas or green roofs. Students would assent to the reuse of treated greywater.
... 2.1.3 Improvement of effective and eco-friendly green roofs and systems Pirouz et al. (2021) proposed a new multipurpose green roof combined with fog and dew harvesting systems in order to improve the efficiency of conventional green roofs. It was shown that fog harvesting could provide the total water requirement of the green roofs, and that dew harvesting by photo-voltaic panels could provide 15 to 26% of the water requirements. ...
Introduction
The objectives of this study are twofold. The first is to identify potential green infrastructure construction sites by building rooftops and sidewalks. The second is to analyze internal flooding for a wide range of drainage areas and to quantitatively evaluate the effectiveness of stormwater runoff control.
Methods
The target area has approximately 600 ha with a runoff coefficient of 0.71. Using Arc GIS Desktop 10.8.1, this study has identified green roofs and bioswales that would be highly beneficial in capturing large amounts of rainfall. In addition, Info Works ICM was used for the inundation analysis, which can simultaneously calculate the flow in sewer pipelines and above-ground inundation flow. Runoff coefficients were calculated for each land use using the urban land use subdivision mesh data with 100 m unit. This study targeted a 10-year probability rainfall (total rainfall: 86.3 mm, maximum hourly rainfall: 52.3 mm/h, duration: 3 h) with a middle concentrated rainfall waveform obtained from past experiments in the d4PDF database of ensemble climate prediction contributing to global warming.
Results
The amount of land availability for green roofs and bioswales was about 1 and 0.1% of the drainage area, respectively. The runoff coefficients for green roofs only, bioswales only, with and without introduction of both green roofs and bioswales were 70.34, 70.87, 70.28, and 70.93%, respectively. The difference in runoff coefficients was about 0.65 percentage points even when both were constructed. As a result of inundation analysis, the reduction was 2.5% for the maximum waterlogged area, 1.5% for the flooded area, and 0.7% for the average depth of waterlogging divided by the maximum waterlogged area. The construction of green roofs and bioswales in the same area or downstream of the area shows little mitigation effect when flooding occurs in an area near the downstream end of the sewer network.
Discussion
Although this study has mainly discussed the stormwater runoff control aspect, the most important feature of green infrastructure is its multifunctionality. In terms of utilizing and promoting green infrastructure, it is important to visualize its multifaceted effects and share them with many stakeholders.
... While in winter, the benefits go around thermal performance through insulation mainly. Therefore, by reducing the energy demand for cooling or heating purposes, green roofs are providing passive energy saving in buildings (Pe rez and Perini, 2018;Pirouz et al., 2021;Saadatian et al., 2013). ...
... É necessário saber que a espessura depende diretamente da carga que pode ser aplicada sobre a edificação, portanto a escolha de solos mais profundos exige estudos estruturais. Jahanfar et al. (2019) afirmam que os efeitos de refrigeração não são encontrados quando o substrato está seco, ou seja, para períodos de estiagem pode ser necessária a irrigação para o bem-estar do sistema e da vegetação sobre ele.A Tabela 2 apresenta alguns valores de referência para o volume de irrigação de implementações de Telhados Verdes Fotovoltaicos de acordo com a classificação climática, em uma revisão bibliográfica feita porPirouz et al. (2021). Pode-se observar valores expressivos de volume de irrigação em sistemas subtropicais, devido aos maiores índices de evapotranspiração.Em regiões mediterrâneas, os valores oscilam mais e podem depender mais de outros fatores ao invés de somente do clima. ...
A implementação de telhados verdes em áreas urbanas busca mitigar os impactos ambientais causados pelo crescimento urbano, como o aumento do escoamento superficial e das ilhas de calor. Os telhados verdes, compostos por elementos construtivos como laje de suporte, camada impermeabilizante, isolante térmico, camada drenante, camada filtrante, solo ou substrato e vegetação, oferecem benefícios como a infiltração de água, a produção de alimentos, a melhoria da qualidade do ar e o aumento da eficiência energética. No entanto, é necessário adaptar esses componentes às características locais, considerando os objetivos desejados para cada região de estudo. Este estudo revisa aspectos construtivos de telhados verdes fotovoltaicos e oferece recomendações físicas para o projeto de telhados verdes fotovoltaicos. Foi encontrado que fatores como irrigação, distância entre telhado verde e painel, posição dos painéis, área do telhado verde, vento abaixo dos painéis e sombra causada pelos painéis são determinantes para o projeto, e o uso de softwares tem sido amplamente utilizado pela possibilidade de simulação de cenários com características da região de estudo. Alguns desafios de implementação também foram encontrados, como custo inicial, peso adicional e manutenção regular. Apesar disso, os telhados verdes oferecem benefícios a longo prazo, como redução de custos de energia e contribuição para o meio ambiente urbano.
... Low volume drip irrigation can lower water consumption considerably. The analysis presented by Pirouz et al. [221] showed that the average water use of green roofs in the summer (in humid regions) is about 3.7 L/m 2 /day, in Mediterranean regions about 4.5 L/m 2 /day, and in arid regions about 2.7 L/m 2 /day. ...
