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... hydrothermal method synthesis and thin film process arrangement are presented schematically in Figure 1 the glass substrate was cleaned with ethyl alcohol, urine, and acetone several times. The cleaned glass samples were further treated with UVO for 15 minutes to make rid of organic materials, the ZnO seed layer was first prepared as follows: A 5 mM ethanol solution of zinc acetate dehydrate (Zn(CH 3 COO) 2 •2H 2 O, Aldrich, 98%) was spin coated on the cleaned glass at a spinning speed of 2000 rpm for 20 s with a 10 s wait time, then an- nealing at 150˚C for 15 min. ...
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In this paper the influencing factors and their effects on the etching evolution from initial to etched ZnO nanorods (ZnONRs) were identified and investigated. Batches of ZnO nanorods were hydrothermally synthesized on planar, convex, and concave substrates, and then were etched in NaOH solution. It was found that not only the synthesizing and etch...
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... XRD was used to detect the molecular structures ofZnO NPs, WO x NPs and ZnO/WO x NHs [36]. The diffraction peaks could be indexed to hexagonal phase wurzite structure of ZnO NPs (ICDD Reference Code: 98-002-8869) as shown in Figure 1a. ...
... The presence of WZnO 4 had revealed the successful deposition of ZnO onto the WO x NPs in all Type 1 to Type 3 ZnO/WO x NHs at 21 %, 23 % and 18%, respectively(Figure 2b, 2c and 2d).According to Remškar et al. and Zheng et al., W 5 O 14 was one of the tungsten oxides phases known to have various WO 3-x species. W 5 O 14 possessed different oxidation states as compared to WO 3[36,37]. This might suggest that W 5 O 14 could probably convert into WO 3 during different stirring time and resulted in the absence of W 5 O 14 in all theZnO/WO x NHssynthesised. ...
Many studies have shown that nanoparticles such as zinc oxide (ZnO), possesses potent antimicrobial activity. This study aimed to evaluate the antifungal activity of ZnO, tungsten oxide (WO x) nanoparticles, and the ZnO/WO x nanohybrids against pathogenic basidiomycete fungi, R. mucilaginosa. Coupling of ZnO and WO x nanoparticles was performed using liquid impregnation method. EDX analysis confirmed the presence of ZnOnanoparticles on the surface of WO x nanoparticles. Antifungal susceptibility assays showed that ZnO nanoparticles possessed better antifungal activity as compared to WO x and ZnO/WO x nanohybrids (p<0.001, n=3). Time kill assay showed significant killing kinetics in ZnO NPs as compared to WO x and ZnO/WO x nanohybrids without UV irradiation after 5 hours (p<0.01, n=3). Interestingly, time kill assay also showed significant killing kinetics in ZnO NPs as compared WO x and ZnO/WO x nanohybrids as early as 1 hour after UV irradiation (p<0.001, n=3). Also, antifungal assay using semi-dry method showed no inhibitory activity, indicating the importance of release Zn 2+ ions in the killing of fungi. Thus, our result indicated thatrelease of reactive oxygen speciesand Zn 2+ ions were the main factors contributed to the antifungal effect. This study shed light on the potential use of ZnO NPs to coat clinical plastic ware, such as catheter, to combat catheter-related bloodstream infections associated with basidiomycete fungi.
... The lattice constants a and c are used in this equation. The mean crystallite size of the prepared ZnO nanoflowers was projected utilizing Debye-Scherer equation at XRD-diffraction peak (0 0 2) and is shown in the Table 1 [27]. ...
For perhaps the first time, we documented the manufacturing of a Ultraviolet detector focused on ZnO nanoflowers utilized a simple spray pyrolysis process on porous silicon substrates. The morphological, structural, and optical characteristics of the sample were investigated using FESEM, X-ray system, photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL), and a UV–vis spectroscopy. The device demonstrated 3.07 × 10³ sensitivity when exposed to 355 nm UV-light (1.24 mW/cm²) at 3 applied voltages. In contrast, dark current was 2.8 × 10⁻⁶ A, and the photodetector's internal gain was 12.75. Moreover, the rise time and full time were determined to be 1.2 sec and 1.8 sec under UV-light (355 nm, 1.24 mW/cm²) at 3 V applied voltages. Every-one of these results indicates that such a high quality UV-detector could be a reasonable alternative for commercially integrated photo-electronic applications as a low-cost UV detector.
... nm, whereas the average length of ZnO NRs on glass and ITO have shown a marginal value compared to ZnO NRs on Si. This trend confirmed the findings that the morphologies of ZnO NRs are dependent on the type of substrates, seeded layer grains/substrate interface and chemical bonding [47]. In general, the average length of NRs increased with increasing deposition time. ...
Zinc oxide nanorods (ZnO NRs) have gained considerable research interest due to their robust energy conversion efficiency. In the present work, ZnO NRs arrays were pinpointed to probe their electromechanical response under strain conditions. ZnO seed was sputtered on different substrates by radio frequency magnetron sputtering (RF) technique at 80 W constant power and 3.49×10⁻⁵ mbar base pressure. The X-ray diffraction patterns exhibit hexagonal wurtzite structure with preferred c-axis crystal directions in the (002) plane. The average thickness of the seed layer for all the samples was estimated at around 214.6 nm. Surface roughness and morphologies of the nanorods have been characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), respectively. FE-SEM images show homogeneous growth in different directions on substrates. The average diameters of ZnO NRs on silicon, glass and ITO were 51, 58 and 61 nm, respectively. The average length of all the nanorods on the substrates were measured around 1-2 μm. The local piezoresponse measurements conducted on two selected domain regions of the nanorod arrays had been characterized by piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) to confirm the switching-piezoelectric behavior.
... Recently, George et al. [8] have used hydrothermal and solvothermal methods for the preparation of nickel vanadium oxide nanoparticles. Various methods of synthesis have been reported including chemical bath deposition (CBD), thermal evaporation, hydrothermal, sonicated sol-gel immersion, and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. Among these approaches, sonicated sol-gel immersion method is a simple and low-cost method, while facilitating large area coating, to prepare good quality and highly c-axis-oriented vertically aligned ZnO NRs at temperatures lower than 100 o C. A variety of ZnO thin film-based seed-layers [18,19] on a variety of substrates like FTO & ITO [9,[20][21][22][23], Si [12,[24][25][26][27], ITO-coated PET [28], and quartz [14] have been reported for the growth of ZnO NRs. ...
... Various methods of synthesis have been reported including chemical bath deposition (CBD), thermal evaporation, hydrothermal, sonicated sol-gel immersion, and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. Among these approaches, sonicated sol-gel immersion method is a simple and low-cost method, while facilitating large area coating, to prepare good quality and highly c-axis-oriented vertically aligned ZnO NRs at temperatures lower than 100 o C. A variety of ZnO thin film-based seed-layers [18,19] on a variety of substrates like FTO & ITO [9,[20][21][22][23], Si [12,[24][25][26][27], ITO-coated PET [28], and quartz [14] have been reported for the growth of ZnO NRs. ZnO thin film effectively reduces the nucleation energy barrier due to the lattice match between the thin film and NRs [2]. ...
ZnO nanorods (NRs) are grown by sonicated sol–gel immersion method at a lower temperature, along c-axis, i.e., normal to the glass substrate spin-coated with seed-layer of zinc oxide. Effects of seed-layer-precursor molarity and immersion time on the structural and morphological properties of NRs have been investigated. These two process parameters affect the diameter and length of the ZnO NRs significantly. The NRs are hexagonal in cross section. The polycrystalline seed-layer with nano-sized grains exhibits high transparency and quick photoresponse. The transmittance decreases after the growth of NRs but improves past annealing. The band gap value of bulk ZnO is tuned up to 190 meV by the growth of NRs and their subsequent annealing. These NRs exhibit green emission and persistent photoconductivity (PPC). The annealing of NRs quenches the green emission and reduces the PPC effect partially.
... Fig. 7 shows the full-width at half maximum (FWHM) and dislocation density (δ) of the ZnO nanostructures along peak (002) at different pH. The dislocation density which induce the impurities (defects) in the crystal growth is estimated by the following equation [64]. Where D is crystallite size. ...
In this study, high quality zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructures were synthesized on glass slide substrates using modified chemical bath deposition (M-CBD) method at low temperature. Through the M-CBD technique the air bubbles will be injected into aqueous growth solution. The RF magnetron sputtering method was utlized to grow ZnO seed layer on the glass substrates. The effect of different pH values of aqueous growth solution on the morphology, elemental chemical composition, crystal structural and the optical properties of ZnO nanostructures have been investigated using field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Energy dispersive analysis (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and UV-Visible Spectrometer, respectively. It was observed that altering pH values from acidic to alkaline (basic) by using ammonia solution (NH3) induced the significant change in morphology from nanorods like ZnO to nano-amber flush rose like ZnO structures. Furthermore, increased pH values had an effect on the influence intensity of the preferred orientation plane (002) and average transmittance spectrum. Whilst the absorption band edge has been shifted to a lower energy region due to the quantum size effect. It was also found that the crystal size fluctuated between 36.30 nm and 84.33 nm with a different values of pH from 6.7 to 12. The ZnO synthesized at 6.7 of pH provided the best results regarding the high aspect ratio,structural and optical properties. At this pH value, ZnO growth revealed the nanorod structure with small diameters, size and a higher energy band gap value.
... Optical band gap of ZnO NRs arrays films were evaluated from transmittance data through the well-known Tauc relation, for direct band gap semiconductors transition (equation (8)) [38]: ...
This paper describes, Synthesis of zinc oxide nanorods (ZnO NRs) using hydrothermal technique at different growth time. The structural and morphological properties were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM). The ZnO NRs were obvious hexangular wurtzite structure and preferentially oriented along the c-axis (002) and growth vertically to the substrates. The optical properties were studied. From UV-Visible spectrophotometer and Photoluminescence (PL), the optical band gap energy of all ZnO NRs samples (S1, S2 and S3) were calculated to be (3.425 eV, 3.4 eV, 3.425 eV) respectively. Also, the effect of growth time on ZnO nanorods was studied.
... The obtained crystals sizes of ZnO NRs were increased by 48.35 nm, 51.72 nm, and 56.06 nm for ZNH, ZA, and ZC, respectively, due to the decreases in FWHM values of ZnO diffraction peak alongside (002). The number of defects (impurities) in the ZnO crystal, which was called the dislocation density (δ) has been evaluated via the following equation [36] and is listed in Table 3. ...
In the current work, the effect of three different Zinc (Zn) salts as reactants precursors in the growth solution on the characteristic properties of the Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods (NRs) was investigated and reported. High quality hexagonal ZnO NRs have been grown on the glass-slide substrates via the chemical-bath deposition (CBD) approach at 90 ºC. The radio-frequency sputtering (RF) technique has been used to coat the 150 nm of ZnO nano-seed layer over the whole glass-slide substrates. The Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), the Energy-dispersive characterization (EDX), and the X-ray diffraction (XRD) characterizations have been used to characterize and examination of the morphological, chemical compositional, and structural characteristics with ZnO hexagonal-wurtzite structure of the NRs. The used zinc salts were Zinc-nitrate Hexahydrate (ZNH), Zinc-acetate (ZA), and Zinc-chloride (ZC). The FESEM and XRD results indicated that the change in types of Zinc salts with Methenamine as reactants precursors in the growth (deposition) solution have a remarkable and significant impact on the surface topography (morphology) characteristics and structural characteristics of synthesized ZnO NRs. The average size and average length of the grown ZnO NRs were in the range of (91-529) nm and (1008-3189) nm, respectively. The high aspect ratio was obtained of ZnO NRs synthesized from Zinc-nitrate Hexahydrate salt and was about 11. The highest growth rate was investigated ZnO NRs synthesized from Zinc-chloride salt and was about 17.716 nm/min. The average crystalline size of synthesized ZnO nanorods was in the range (48.35-56.06) nm.
... where α, hυ, Eg, and A are absorbance coefficient, photon energy, band gap, and constant respectively. Tauc plot method was used to analyze band gap by intercept at x-axis from graph hυ vs. (αhυ) 2 [44]. Figure 7a represents spectral absorbance of a various layer that indicates decreasing absorbance coefficient at wavelength 400-800 nm. ...
... The size of crystallite (average particle size) is affected by the substrate type and growth conditions. The dislocation density ( ) represents the amount of defects in the crystal and can be calculated by the following equation [58]: ...
Energy harvesting technology provides a way to the storage of energy produced at a certain level to empower sources from the adjacent environment. The piezoelectric energy harvesting is one of the most capable technologies, which converts energy directly by mechanical deformation or vibrations to the electrical energy. Energy harvesting at micro scale has been amply researched and converted into product. But limitations of micro level devices force us to think of such nano structures which can further enhance the efficiency of the devices. In this paper, it is proposed to discuss nano devices, material synthesis techniques, fabrication processes. This review manuscript would be a comprehensive guide for micro and nano device fabrication techniques, performance metrics, and device characterization.
... We fabricated zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods which distribute gold particles uniformly at the same height to increase the reproducibility of the SERS substrate and to obtain consistent analysis results. ZnO is frequently used because it grows economically and at low temperature and because it allows the production of nanostructures of various shapes and sizes [15][16][17]. Moreover, the SERS effect has been reported to become stronger when the ZnO nanomaterial and the plasmon-generating metallic nanoparticles are combined because of the charge transfer interaction between semiconductors and plasmonic metals [18][19][20]. ...
Nanorods based on ZnO for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy are promising for the non-invasive and rapid detection of biomarkers and diagnosis of disease. However, optimization of nanorod and coating parameters is essential to their practical application. With the goal of establishing a baseline for early detection in biological applications, gold-coated ZnO nanorods were grown and coated to form porous structures. Prior to gold deposition, the grown nanorods were 30–50 nm in diameter and 500–600 nm in length. Gold coatings were grown on the nanorod structure to a series of thicknesses between 100 and 300 nm. A gold coating of 200 nm was found to optimize the Rhodamine B model analyte signal, while performance for rat urine depended on the biomarkers to be detected. These results establish design guidelines for future use of Au-ZnO nanorods in the study and early diagnosis of inflammatory diseases.
