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Two fundamental aspects of conceptual and linguistic structure are examined in relation to one another: organization into strata , each a baseline giving rise to the next by elaboration ; and the conceptions of reality implicated at successive levels of English clause structure. A clause profiles an occurrence (event or state) and grounds it by ass...
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... negation combines with these verbs, usually in the form of contractions, attests to their basically existential import. Formally and conceptually, the examples in Figure 5 elaborate the expressions in Figure 4(b). Negative clauses of this sort can thus be regarded as a higher-level substratum within the stratum of basic clauses. ...
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... As a matter of fact, a parallel architecture model of language contradicts not just Chomsky's syntactocentric architecture of language but also "semanticocentric" models, in which syntax is replaced by semantics as the central component of language. Considering this, I aim in this paper to rediscuss Ronald Langacker's (1987, 1991a, 1991b, 2023 cognitive grammar in order to reaffirm the greater empirical adequacy of a parallel architecture model of language in comparison to a semanticocentric model such as Langacker's, which stands out due to its pioneering and its influence in linguistics and related disciplines for the last four decades. ...
Ray Jackendoff understands that Noam Chomsky’s linguistic models distort the nature of language due to its ‘syntactocentrism.’ Coined by Jackendoff, this term means Chomsky’s assumption that the syntactic component of language is central while the phonological and semantic components are merely interpretive. Jackendoff also states that since the 1970s many researchers have made a mistake opposite to Chomsky’s, by denying that syntax has a relevant role in grammar. Considering such a scenario, this paper analyzes Ronald Langacker’s cognitive grammar, in which syntax is replaced by semantics as the central linguistic component. The goal is to show how Langacker misrepresented language structure by doing so.
Works written in the cognitivist vein have been clearly inspired by and connected with Gestalt psychology – a fact recognized by scholars who describe the beginnings and subsequent development of cognitive theories of language. However, the discoverers of hidden aspects of the history of Cognitive Linguistics hardly ever put on their lists of forerunners the name of Roman Ingarden. And yet many of fundamental principles that underlie cognitivist theories of language and grammar can be found in Ingarden’s writings, notably in his The Cognition of the Literary Work of Art, first published in 1937 – exactly half a century before the year 1987, the annus mirabilis of Cognitive Linguistics, when its founding fathers published their groundbreaking monographs. Ingarden wrote about “literature”, while Langacker and his followers focus upon “non-literature”, i.e. text and discourse as elements of everyday communication. But both the (narrower) aesthetic concepts of Ingarden and the wider (linguistic) notions of Langacker, Lakoff or Talmy are based upon the fundamental opposition between the objectivist and the subjectivist approach. Most striking is the convergence of their view upon the shape of language as it occurs in verbal expression, inevitably connected with consciousness and mental activity of the producer: a cognizant subject of perception, conceptualization and expression. Deeper knowledge of Ingarden’s phenomenological thought might enrich cognitivist reflection on language and by taking account of phenomenological aspects of language use promote the search for markers of “everyday literariness”.
