Table 3 - uploaded by Ernest Maglischo
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With the finding that short, intense sprints can improve aerobic capacity (Tabata, et al., 1996), there has been a huge increase in the number of experts who advocate this kind of training over traditional endurance training. Several successful swim coaches are among those recommending more high-intensity training while an equal or even greater num...
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... such indication is that fibers previously typed as FTx become less numerous while those typed as FTa fibers become more numerous after training. The data in Table 3 shows the results of a study where a group of college students were subjected to eight weeks of resistance training (Andersen, et al, 2005). Muscle biopsies and subsequent fiber typing showed a decrease in the number of FTx fibers and a concomitant increase in FTa fibers after training. ...
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... These adaptations include modifications to brain circuits, motor unit function, and muscle anatomy. Muscle hypertrophy is an important adaptation, especially in fasttwitch muscle fibres [47]. The high-intensity, explosive movements used in ladder drills and plyometrics encourage the formation of these fibres [48] [4]. ...
The objectives of this study are to determine whether there is any interaction between agility and athletic performance skills and plyometric training, ladder drill, and agility training; how different these effects are from one another; and how different the effects of low and high agility are from one another. The experimental methodology employed in this work uses a factorial analysis in 2x2. A population of 40 athletes, aged 15 to 17, were selected for the research sample using ordinal pairing. Devices that measure agility using the Illinois Agility Test. The following are the study's findings: The post-test indicates a significant value of p < 0.05, indicating that the plyometric training technique, ladder drill, affects athletic performance skills (p > 0.05). Because the significance value indicates p of 0.006 < 0.05, there is a significant difference between the effects of low and high agility on athletic performance skills (p < 0.05). There is a significant (p > 0.05) interaction between agility (high and low), ladder drill training techniques, and plyometric training methods of athletic performance skills (p < 0.05). The findings indicate that following training, there is a relationship between agility and athletic performance abilities. According to the study, there is a connection between agility (high and low) and athletic performance skills, and agility has a major impact on athletic performance. Training techniques such as plyometric training and ladder drills are also related to agility. Applying the ladder drill and plyometric training techniques affects athletes' performance abilities. It has been demonstrated that doing plyometric and ladder drills may enhance one's athlete's performance ability.
... High-intensity interval training (HIIT) provides a way of getting some benefits (improvement of maximal oxygen consumption ( _ VO 2 max), muscle oxidative capacity, insulin sensitivity) of moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) while spending less time doing physical exercise [2,5,6]. HIIT, alternating periods of high and low intensity exercise, also offers the advantage of improving anaerobic capacity [7]. In human and rodents, HIIT could be more effective than MICT in the improvement of oxidative capacities to stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis and/or oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in skeletal muscle [8,9]. ...
... It is known that the recruitment of fibres in each muscle depends on the intensity and the duration of exercise [24,25]. Submaximal work is performed by the more aerobically efficient slow-twitch fibres while progressively increasing numbers of fast-twitch fibres are recruited to assist them as the effort increases toward the maximum [7]. Because of the different typology of soleus and EDL, we hypothesized that the two training protocols MICT and HIIT could induce different metabolic adaptations in each of them. ...
... Few significant responses with HIIT were however observed in EDL compared with soleus (only Pgc-1α mRNA and GPx activity). EDL is mostly composed of type IIx and IIb MHC (more than 90%) and these fibres types would not contribute substantially to effort until an intensity of 100% _ VO 2 max was reached [7]. We can, therefore, suppose that 85-90% MAS might not be enough to totally recruit these fast-twitch fibre types. ...
The healthy benefits of regular physical exercise are mainly mediated by the stimulation of oxidative and antioxidant capacities in skeletal muscle. Our understanding of the cellular and molecular responses involved in these processes remain often uncomplete particularly regarding muscle typology. The main aim of the present study was to compare the effects of two types of exercise training protocol: a moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) and a high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on metabolic processes in two muscles with different typologies: soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL). Training effects in male Wistar rats were studied from whole organism level (maximal aerobic speed, morphometric and systemic parameters) to muscle level (transcripts, protein contents and enzymatic activities involved in antioxidant defences, aerobic and anaerobic metabolisms). Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: untrained (UNTR), n = 7; MICT, n = 8; and HIIT, n = 8. Rats of the MICT and HIIT groups ran five times a week for six weeks at moderate and high intensity, respectively. HIIT improved more than MICT the endurance performance (a trend to increased maximal aerobic speed, p = 0.07) and oxidative capacities in both muscles, as determined through protein and transcript assays (AMPK–PGC-1α signalling pathway, antioxidant defences, mitochondrial functioning and dynamics). Whatever the training protocol, the genes involved in these processes were largely more significantly upregulated in soleus (slow-twitch fibres) than in EDL (fast-twitch fibres). Solely on the basis of the transcript changes, we conclude that the training protocols tested here lead to specific muscular responses.
... [11] Maglischo (2011) has evidenced that resisted training is the most recommended way to stimulate fast-twitch muscle fibers related to the generation of muscle strength; the same author explained how these improvements come from the nervous system's adaptations during speed or strength intensive training. Both the transmission from the central nervous system and responses such as a reflex-type level of the spinal cord with an increase of an agonist muscle activation and antagonist muscle relaxation [12] this fact may explain the increases in the specific strength for the RP ART group. ...
Backgrounds: Different studies reported the importance of muscular strength and power propulsion generated by the action of the arms and legs, in swimming speed. Due the aim of the present research was to study effects of eight weeks resistance training, and their effects in swim performance of 200 and 400m. Materials and Methods: In this study, there were 14 volunteer participants divided in two groups of seven swimmers per group; control group with characteristics of: 16.2 ± 1.1 years; 162.03 ± 5.49 cm; 59.59 ± 2.94 kg; and the experimental group with characteristics as: 16.1 ± 1.3 years; 164.36 ± 5.30cm; 62,57 ± 5.34 kg. Both groups trained a program of reverse periodization planning. Additionally to the swim training program; the intervention group performed three sessions per week the resisted swimming training attached to elastic ropes. Repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was acceptable and used to compare responses among groups in variable of 200m crawl (t200c), 400m crawl (t400c), full stroke (FS); isolated arms-stroke (IA); and isolated kick (IK) across the 8 weeks training. Results: At the group per moment comparison after eight weeks significant (p ≤ 0.05) difference between groups are showed at the variables: t200; t400 and FS. Conclusion: Results suggests that the intervention protocol performed in this investigation may be useful, well-recommended and easy to train swimmers for short and middle distances. Moreover, this research supports the reverse periodization planning to improve competitive swimming performance
... Auch wenn bei konstanten unterschwelligen Belastungen die Anteile der beiden Systeme bestimmt werden können, verschieben sich bei überschwelligen gleichbleibenden Belastungen die Anteile im zeitlichen Verlauf (Hill et al., 2002 (Baldwin et al., 1977). Über ein Training mit submaximalen Intensitäten können Muskelfasern erschöpfen und ein Teil der schnell kontrahierenden Muskelfasern zusätzlich rekrutiert werden, welches sie im folgenden Anpassungsprozess zu langsam kontrahierenden umwandelt (Maglischo, 2011). Dies senkt die Laktatbildungsrate und hat eine erhöhte Leistung an der mlss zur Folge. ...
Die Verbesserung der körperlichen Fitness ist für viele Menschen ein wichtiges Ziel. Für Ausdauersportler ist die aerobe Leistungsfähigkeit der wichtigste Parameter, welchen es bestmöglich auszubilden gilt. Die messbare Sauerstoffaufnahme-VO2 ist direkt proportional zur aeroben Leistung. Tests der maximalen Sauerstoffaufnahme bieten daher die Möglichkeit die aerobe Leistungsfähigkeit zu bestimmen. Das aerobe-und anaerobe System tragen bei Ausdauerleistungen unterschiedliche Anteile zur Leistungsbereitstellung bei. Diese Anteile sind für gleichbleibend vollzogene Belastungen konstant, solange sich die Leistung unterhalb der Laktatschwelle befindet. Bei höheren Leistungen verändern sich die Anteile über die Zeit und es erfolgt eine Erschöpfung durch Übersäuerung der Muskulatur. Ein Training durch kurze Be-und Entlastungszeiten hat ei-nen großen Trainingseffekt bezogen auf die aerobe Leistungsfähigkeit. Lange Dauerbelastungen mit mittlerer Intensität, haben sich als weniger wirksam erwiesen. Es wird eine Kombination aus intensiven und lockeren Trainingseinheiten empfohlen um die aerobe Leistungsfähigkeit langfristig zu steigern. Durch Periodisierung im Trainingsprozess kann die Wirkung der genannten Trainingseinheiten weiter verbessert werden.
... Latihan moderat atau intensitas sedang berdampak pada peningkatan densitas mitokondria pada slow twitch muscle fibers. 20 Fartlek training dapat menimbulkan efek beragam respon terhadap tubuh, seperti sistem kardiovaskuler, respirasi sistem, pembentukan energi dan sistem neuromuscular. 15 transporter sehingga pembuangan laktat dalam darah akan mengalami peningkatan, kemudian oksidasi lipid juga akan meningkat, kebutuhan akan proses metabolisme dari karbohidrat serta penurunan produktivitas dari laktat melalui peningkatan oksidase ß enzim, peningkatan dari persentase piruvat yang masuk melalui Siklus Kreb akan menyebabkan penurunan pada pembentukan laktat dari hasil proses LDH dari peningkatan densitas mitokondria dan oksidatif enzim di otot rangka. ...
Atlet bola tangan putra Kota Surabaya memiliki daya tahan yang rendah. Hal ini mengakibatkan nilai VO2max dan lactate threshold yang rendah sehingga berpengaruh terhadap kualitas permainan dan prestasi tim, keadaan ini memerlukan intervensi latihan fisik yang tepat. High intensity interval training (HIIT) merupakan latihan dengan waktu singkat menggunakan intensitas tinggi yang diselingi pemulihan aktif. Fartlek training adalah latihan dengan waktu yang konstan dengan beban mendekati batas kelelahan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan HIIT lebih baik daripada fartlek training dalam meningkatkan VO2max dan lactate threshold. Jenis penelitian true experimental dengan rancangan pretest and posttest two group desain. Subjek adalah atlet bola tangan Kota Surabaya sebanyak 22 orang yang dibagi dengan diberikan HIIT untuk Kelompok I lalu fartlek training pada Kelompok II, periode latihan 3 kali dalam seminggu selama 6 minggu latihan. VO2max diukur dengan Cooper VO2max Test dan lactate threshold menggunakan Heart Deflection Point. Hasil penelitian didapatkan rerata VO2max sebelum HIIT 42,38±1,07 ml/kg/menit, sesudah HIIT 45,86±1,10 ml/kg/menit. Rerata VO2max sebelum fartlek 42,33±1,04 ml/kg/menit, sesudah fartlek 44,27±1,66 ml/kg/menit. Rerata lactate threshold sebelum HIIT 176,61±0,99 x/menit, sesudah HIIT 194,69±1,11 x/menit. Rerata lactate threshold sebelum fartlek 176,92±1,08 x/menit, sesudah fartlek menjadi 187,43±1,59 x/menit. Uji beda peningkatan VO2max dan lactate threshold pada Kelompok I dan Kelompok II dengan independent t-test. Hasil menunjukan bahwa ke dua Kelompok p=0,000 (p<0,05). Disimpulkan dua Kelompok ini sama-sama memberi efek peningkatan (p<0,05) dan Kelompok I lebih meningkatkan VO2max dan lactate threshold daripada Kelompok II. Saran untuk pelatih agar melakukan monitoring dan evaluasi serta memberikan pelatihan yang benar agar dapat meningkatkan performa dan peningkatan prestasi atlet.
... First sequence in a particular amount of time showed individuals recruited fast-twitch muscle fiber, this caused the escalation of BDNF serum (Figure 3). Fast-twitch muscle produces higher and stronger forces of contraction with peak time of 40-60 ms compared to slow-twitch muscle fiber (Maglischo, 2015). In our study, within a particular time, there were changes of muscles recruitment from fast to slow-twitch muscle fiber that might cause the reduction of BDNF serum in 30 min after exercise in the first day. ...
... In speed exercises, there was repeated reactivation of fast-twitch muscle fiber after the use of slow-twitch muscles, showing the change of the sequence of muscle fiber recruitment. Maglischo reported that fast-twitch muscle fiber had bigger diameter of motoric nerve fiber that is consequently recruited if one's body needed to be near maximal power and forces to accomplish exercises (Maglischo, 2015). ...
Background: There is an increase in fall risk among elders and young adults consecutively due to various causes. Occult balance disorder may be among the abnormal causes of falling in young adults as well as elders. The One Leg Stance (OLS) test is used to diagnose this balance performance; it’s a proven test to measure static balance function which would lead to dynamic balance function. It has been proven that aside from cardiopulmonary exercises, treadmill workout can be used as a dynamic balance exercise. The Brain Derived Neurotropic Factor (BDNF) increases balance function through the treadmill exercise (the inclination and speed). This hormone is one of the tropical hormones generated in neurons, muscles, hematopoietic tissue and it is characterized by neurons morphology regulation and neuroplasticity. Materials and Methods: We divided 20 healthy young adult men to work out on inclination and speed groups treadmill exercise. The workout lasted for 2 weeks. We immediately observed the effect of exercise on serum BDNF as two tests were taken on before and 30 min after the workout. Result: There were significant increases of pre-exercise serum BDNF level in speed group between the first and the last exercise (p = 0.001), post-exercise between the first day and the last exercise (p = 0.001). No significant increase of serum BDNF in speed group pre- and post-exercise on the first exercise (p = 0.159), pre- and post-exercise on the last exercise (p = 0.892). There was no significant increase in serum BDNF in inclination group on all parameters (p > 0.05). The serum BDNF is actually a neurotropic factor that affects not just the neuronal system, but also molecular energy and metabolism regulation. This serum is dependent on the aerobic capacity, lactate production, muscle calcium uptake, and muscle fiber type used in exercises. Furthermore, the serum BDNF is increased by treadmill exercises in escalated speed. Conclusion: Treadmill exercises with average speed escalation increase the serum BDNF.
... The intensity of the effort in an aquatic environment was determined by using various rescue tests. The intensity of the exercise was estimated on the basis of Maglischo's [27] recommendations, just as is the effort determined in swimming. ...
Introduction. A lifeguard is a person in charge of ensuring safety in water environments. After a rescue, it is possible that s/he has to execute CPR. The European Resuscitation Council (ERC) as well as the American Heart Association are currently encouraging quality CPR performance. The lifeguard may be obliged to carry out CPR for a long period of time as the response of the Emergency Medical Service takes 5-8 min on average, and it can even reach up to 20 min. The normal respiratory muscle effort at maximal swimming intensity requires a significant fraction of cardiac output and causes leg blood flow to decrease. The main objective of this paper was to determine respiratory muscle fatigue (RMF) level in swimming at different intensities on the quality and efficiency of rescue actions in water. Material and methods. The study involved 44 male lifeguards. Two tests were conducted: the first test involved the execution of 5 min of CPR (rested), and the second one in performing water rescue and subsequent CPR (exhausted) for 5 minutes. The quality of CPR at rest and in fatigue conditions was compared. The recording instrument was the Ambu Defib Trainer W (Wireless). The time and precision of the simulated water rescue was also registered. Two spirometry tests were performed: the first test was set before swimming and the second after (exhausted). Maximal respiratory pressures (PImax, PEmax) were evaluated before and directly after swimming at different intensities. The quality of respiratory muscle fatigue at rest and in fatigue conditions was compared. The recording instrument was portable the MicroLoop spirometer.
... Human muscle fibre types are divided into 3 main types, Slow Twitch (STw), Fast Twitch A (FTa) and Fast Twitch x (FTx). 57 Stimulation of the recruitment of muscle fibers follows a ramping process as described by Willmore & Costill 58 and the increase in FTa fibers is signalled by either a reduction in glycogen in STw fibers or an increase in demand for muscle tension by the power demand of the work undertaken. At higher intensities FTx are also recruited. ...
... Human muscle fibre types are divided into 3 main types, Slow Twitch (STw), Fast Twitch A (FTa) and Fast Twitch x (FTx). 57 Stimulation of the recruitment of muscle fibers follows a ramping process as described by Willmore & Costill 58 and the increase in FTa fibers is signalled by either a reduction in glycogen in STw fibers or an increase in demand for muscle tension by the power demand of the work undertaken. At higher intensities FTx are also recruited. ...
... Although the decline rate of type II muscle fibers was more pronounced than those of type I, 50m race athletes presented decline rates lower than those in longer races. This can be explained by the fact that short-distance athletes reserve much of the training volume to highintensity interval training methods, as well as strength training, according to previous studies 15 . This fact may interfere with the reduction in size and number of type II fibers and, therefore, delay age-related decline in anaerobic performance. ...
... In part, this can be explained by reductions in training load 12,26 (volume, intensity and frequency) observed in the master athletes due mainly to a greater need for longer recovery times between repetitions, as well as between training sessions training 6,27,28 . For Maglischo 15 , long-distance swimmers present greater training volumes compared to sprinters and middle-distance ones, needing to spend more time on training. ...
The aim of this study was to analyze the decline rate of master swimmers’ world records compared to absolute world records, and sport performance decrease for both genders and different age groups (25 to 99 years old) in 50, 400 and 1500 meters freestyle swimming. The best performance for each distance and age group was collected from the official International Swimming Federation (FINA) website (www.fina.org). Group comparisons were made using One-Way ANOVAs followed by Dunett’s post hoc test, with significance level set at p≤0.05. The decline rate of world records was greater in the 1500m distance in relation to the other distances analyzed for almost all age groups and both male and female swimmers. In addition, women showed a higher world record decline rate than men did for all race distances and almost all age groups. Both decline rate and sport performance decrease in the 1500 meters freestyle swimming seem to be more influenced by physiological changes derived from aging compared to the other race distances analyzed.
