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The effects of human-disturbed areas on rodents' and lagomorphs' temporal avoidance of coyotes. The time delays of rodents-lagomorphs after coyotes (amount of time in hours a rodent-lagomorph is detected after a coyote detection at the same camera site) decrease closer to tourist areas and combined areas (includes tourist areas, trails, roads, housing, and developed areas). The rodents-lagomorphs category represents all species detected from orders Rodentia and Lagomorpha. The points show the time delays at each camera site, the black line depicts the linear regression between delay time and distances, and the gray shaded area depicts the 95% confidence interval. The data are from eight camera trap sites in El Dorado National Forest, California, from years 2013-2014.
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Tourist activity in natural areas may impact species' behavior and ecology as well as predator-prey dynamics. Although previous research has demonstrated effects of human disturbance on wildlife communities, only a limited number of studies have focused on small mammals and coyote predator-prey systems. To generate an overview of human impacts on t...
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... away from combined human-disturbance areas, but only in the model with no controls (linear regression: F = 3.79, P = 0.095, R 2 = 0.056). The relationship to combined human-disturbance areas was almost significant in the model with rodent-lagomorph and coyote detection rates as controls (linear regression: F = 1.643, P = 0.101, R 2 = 0.039; Fig. ...
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Wildlife species may shift towards more nocturnal behavior in areas of higher human influence, but it is unclear how consistent this shift might be. We investigated how humans impact large mammal diel activities in a heavily recreated protected area and an adjacent university-managed forest in southwest British Columbia, Canada. We used camera trap...
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... 95% (thin bars) and 80% (thick bars) CIs are shown. may have minimal influence on coyote daily activity patterns, similar to findings by Caldwell and Klip (2022). ...
As the most widespread large carnivore on the planet, domestic dogs Canis lupus familiaris can pose a major threat to wildlife, even within protected areas (PAs). Growing human presence in PAs, coupled with increasing pet dog ownership underscores the urgency to understand the influence of dogs on wildlife activity and health. This knowledge can mitigate the adverse repercussions of recreation, optimizing PA management. Drawing on five years (2017–2021) of data from 101 camera traps in the San Francisco Bay Area, California, United States, we measured the spatiotemporal responses of puma Puma concolor, bobcat Lynx rufus, coyote Canis latrans, and mule deer Odocoileus hemionus towards domestic dogs. Additionally, using six years (2017–2022) of community science data, we explored the impacts of PA dog policies on puma sightings outside park boundaries. Puma responses provide insights into broader ecological impacts, while analyses of bobcat, coyote, and mule deer offer a comprehensive understanding of species responses to dog‐friendly spaces. Because dogs can be perceived as predators or competitors by wildlife, we anticipated shifts in spatial and temporal activity patterns in response to dogs. Wildlife responses included avoidance (bobcat, puma) or spatial overlap (mule deer) for areas with more dogs, and no effect (coyote). Mule deer may benefit from a “human shield” provided by people with dogs, while pumas and bobcats appeared more sensitive, and coyotes more adaptable. Dog policies influenced puma and mule deer temporal activity, with increased nocturnal activity in dog‐friendly PAs. Bobcat temporal activity was less variable in dog‐friendly PAs and coyote activity was similar between treatments. Outside PAs, puma sightings increased with human disturbance. Our study underscores the trade‐offs between recreation and wildlife conservation, emphasizing the need to quantify the ecological impacts of dogs. This understanding is vital for informing conservation strategies and promoting coexistence between dogs, wildlife, and protected environments.
... Despite a long coevolution of temporal partitioning between predator and prey (Wu et al 2018), interactions with human disturbance can create complex activity patterns in mammals. A study from the US found that an overarching drive to temporally avoid human activities led rodents and lagomorphs to avoid their coyote predator less in human-disturbed areas (Caldwell and Klip, 2022). Red foxes in Spain, on the other hand, avoided human diel activity patterns more than matching those of their lagomorph prey (Díaz-Ruiz et al 2016). ...
... As opposed to small mammals, large carnivores in particular are prone to be highly disturbed by the presence of humans (Suraci et al 2019). This could be observed in black bears that avoided areas of high human presence, where a predator-prey community of rodents, lagomorphs, and coyotes thrived (Caldwell and Klip 2022). ...
... For instance, abundantly cultivated fruits of oil palms may form a basis for correspondingly abundant animal populations feeding Regulatory regimes within the protected areas, e.g., originating from mammalian predators or humans, may act as diversely as is the mammal community. Responses to human disturbances, such as those from activities in adjacent plantation areas, can be expressed in temporal avoidance (Caldwell and Klip, 2022). Commonly, this results in increased nocturnality activity due to mainly diurnal human activity (Gaynor et al 2018), yet plantation and protected areas differ. ...
Deforestation for land-use change in Borneo has global impacts on biodiversity. Mixed-use landscapes are spatially integrative countermeasures to conserve critical forest habitats for wildlife along with economic development. We used camera-traps to inventory remnant mammalian diversity, species richness, detection counts, and diel activity functions in protected forest areas in a large oil palm plantation landscape in East Kalimantan, Bornean Indonesia. From among 2,286 independent detections of species, our results provide evidence of the presence of at least 33 mammals in these forest areas, including species of high conservation value such as the critically endangered Bornean orangutan Pongo pygmaeus and the Sunda pangolin Manis javanica. Additionally, we provide diel activity patterns for 14 of the detected species and reflect on their meaning in the context of their habitat. Due to plantation activities , the protected areas may underlie characteristic ecological dynamics with an impoverished large carnivore guild and a majority of small mammals and small carnivores interacting as predator and prey. Abundant oil palm crops likely benefit large populations of small mammals (highest detection counts) while simultaneously supplying resources for a diverse carnivore community (highest species-richness) preying on small mammals. We highlight the potential of the forested protected areas as wildlife refugia in mixed-use landscapes for conservation and production efforts. We recommend further monitoring to ensure fulfilling this potential in the continuous management.
