Figure - available via license: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic
Content may be subject to copyright.
The effects of digestion on pure quercetin and quercetin-3-glucoside and quercetin and quercetin-3-glucoside from apple and onion. Each point represents the mean ± standard deviation of triplicate observations within the same experiment. An asterisk indicates a significant difference between the control and the digestate (p < 0.05).
Source publication
Quercetin and quercetin glycosides are widely consumed flavonoids found in many fruits and vegetables. These compounds have a wide range of potential health benefits, and understanding the bioavailability of flavonoids from foods is becoming increasingly important.
This study combined an in vitro digestion, a lactase treatment and the Caco-2 cell m...
Citations
... Radiation treatment can kill local tumors but radiation will also kill surrounding normal cells. Most chemotherapy drugs such as taxol, 5fluorouracil (5-FU), and adriamycin target cell division [14], but this chemotherapy can cause diarrhea and hair loss. Continuous treatment with chemical drugs can trigger organ damage which is a side effect of using chemical drugs. ...
The prevalence of cancer in Indonesia has shown an increase from 1.4 per 1000 population in 2013 to 1.79 per 1000 population in 2018. 70% of our planet is covered by unparalleled air and marine biodiversity. Therefore, medical researchers have focused on the marine world which has great potential, in the last six decades (Sagar et al. 2010). To find out other uses of biota, it is necessary to study the SOD of marine biota that reacts with their metal cofactors, to determine the specific SOD of some biota, to determine the SOD cytotoxic activity of several marine biota, to determine the mechanism of SOD of marine biota as anticancer. This literature review was carried out in several stages: formulating problems, collecting, evaluating, analyzing, and synthesizing data. The data sources used are international journals from publishers such as Science Direct, Elseiver, and SpringerLink between 2010 and 2021. The literature results obtained for the SOD classification of marine biota based on metal cofactors are 1,092 articles. The articles obtained will be selected and 52 articles that meet the inclusion criteria will be reviewed. The results of the search for specific SOD activities from marine biota were obtained by 1,243 articles. 13 articles that meet the inclusion criteria and will be reviewed. The results of the search for SOD cytotoxic activity from marine biota obtained 2,199 articles. 7 articles that met the inclusion criteria will be reviewed. The search results for specific SOD activities from marine biota were 2,496 articles. 8 articles that meet the inclusion criteria and will be reviewed. The results showed that SOD from marine biota had cytotoxic activity.
... Researchers have reported a lower total phenolic content after in vitro digestion of samples such as apples, pineapples, mangoes and papayas (40) as well as apples and apple snacks enriched with grape juice and coffee pulp (41) compared with undigested samples. This might due to interactions between phenolic compounds and digestive enzymes and other components such as buffers and electrolytes (40) or instability of quercetin during digestion (42). ...
Research background. Mango peel is a production waste and can cause environmental problems, but its nutritional value consists of bioactive compounds that could be beneficial for human health. The aim of this study is to determine the bioactive compounds, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of mango peels and their use in muffins. Experimental approach. The content of polyphenols, carotenoids and total phenols as well as the antioxidant activity of mango peel extract were evaluated. The anti-inflammatory activity of the extract was investigated using Caco-2 cell assay. The mango peel powder was then incorporated into muffin formulations. The sensory properties of these fortified muffins were evaluated. The total phenolic content, antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory properties of the muffin extracts and their bioaccessible fractions were also analysed. Results and conclusions. The mango peel contained quercetin, phenolic compounds, α-carotene, β-carotene and lutein, which have antioxidant potential. In Caco-2 cells exposed to induced inflammation, the mango peel powder extract (γ=10, 50 and 100 μg/mL) attenuated the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-8 (IL-8), while maintaining cell viability. Muffins supplemented with 5 % mango peel powder showed good sensory properties, but not as good as those of plain muffins without mango peel powder. The total phenolic content and antioxidant activities in both the extract and the bioaccessible fraction of the supplemented muffins were higher than those observed in the standard muffins. Moreover, the extract and bioaccessible fraction of the supplemented muffins resulted in a higher reduction of ROS, IL-8 and TNF-α production in Caco-2 cells than those obtained from the standard muffins. Novelty and scientific contribution. This study is the first to investigate the protective effects of mango peel and muffins supplemented with mango peel powder against IL-1β-induced oxidative damage in Caco-2 cells. The results confirm that both mango peel and the supplemented muffins inhibited the production of inflammatory markers, including ROS and cytokines. These findings suggest that mango peel could be a valuable component of functional food formulations including dietary supplements.
... Polyphenols are subjected to extremely acidic conditions in the stomach, which may affect their stability. However, research on a number of these substances, including resveratrol [62], quercetin [63], and catechin [59], showed stability at lower pH. Proanthocyanidins were also discovered to be stable at such pH levels [48,60], despite research that suggested they would degrade to monomers in an acidic environment [64]. ...
... Literature data have shown that QCT (Figure 1d) uptake by Caco-2 cells should be approximately 50%, as confirmed by our results obtained using the dynamic system in which 50-60% QRC was absorbed after 4-6 h. These results highlighted its quick intestinal absorption starting from 4 h of contact with cells (Table 1) [37,57], which reaches a complete metabolization after 24 h and could be ascribed to its strong metabolization into quercetin glucuronide [37,58]. ...
Cell-based bioreactors are important tools for evaluating molecule absorption in dynamic conditions, simulating simil-physiological flow, transport, and biological barriers. They allow for absorption and metabolization studies to be performed, obtaining very predictive data of in vivo conditions. In this paper, a new dynamic model is proposed to evaluate the intestinal absorption and toxicity of different vegetable food secondary metabolites, by using a LiveFlow® bioreactor. Different food secondary metabolites, such as caffeic, quinic, and rosmarinic acids, quercetin, and rutin, belonging to the polyphenols class, were selected. The aim was to study their different intestinal absorptions in order to validate this new system as an alternative strategy or a more advanced method compared to conventional culture systems for absorption screening and testing. The molecule absorption and the potential generation of metabolites were evaluated by RP-HPLC-DAD. This new dynamic platform represents a promising in vitro methodology which can provide more information than the traditional static in vitro approaches, and an efficient alternative to animal models, at least in preliminary experiments.
... The inhibitors or stimulators are usually used to investigate the transport mechanisms. As a substrate Peptide transporter 1 (Pep T1), Gly-Pro can competitively bind to Pep T1 with the other target peptides [26]. Therefore, Gly-Pro is often used as an inhibitor to study the role of transport carrier. ...
In this study, we investigated the transport mechanism of immune-active peptide fragments isolated from casein gastrointestinal hydrolysates via a Caco-2 monolayer. The casein gastrointestinal hydrolysates could stimulate B-lymphocyte proliferation and reduce the TNF-α level. Then, we identified the bioactive peptide fragments derived from casein gastrointestinal hydrolysis using LC-MS/MS. Our results demonstrated that the transport mechanism of five immune-active peptides at the cell level was bypass transport. In addition, the majority of peptide RYPLGYL was transported through the monolayer cell membrane as an intact form for playing immune-active functions. The KHPIK and FFSDK were mainly degraded into small fragments, except for a small amount passing through Caco-2 cells in an entire form. Overall, these results suggested that casein or its immune-active peptides might play a role in regulation of the intestinal immune system.
... Moreover, the flavonoids were free to diffuse into the sample, and they could bind with different food substrates to show different effects (McDougall et al., 2005). In addition, the changes of in vitro digestion processes such as quercetin in onions and apples (Boyer et al., 2005), and isoflavones in soybean bread (Walsh et al., 2003), suggested that phenolic compounds in food were usually degraded in the small intestine rather than in the stomach. The contents of total phenolics, total flavonoids, and the antioxidant activities of rhodiola declined after digestion (Zhang et al., 2022). ...
The impact of phenolic compounds on the human body depended on the type, content, bioavailability, and antioxidant activity. After digestion, different phenolic compounds had different changes of bioavailability and antioxidant activity, which needed to be considered in the application. In this experiment, the structural stability and antioxidant activity of 27 phenolic compounds (phenolic acids, flavonols, flavonoids, and flavanones) were investigated during the in vitro simulated digestion. This experiment eliminated the influence of food matrix, provide a basis for regularity for the changes of phenolic substances in different materials. Results showed that the bioaccessibility of phenolic compounds with different structures varied, and there was a conformational relationship between the structure and stability. After oral digestion, most of the phenolic compounds underwent degradation and the cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) values decreased to a large extent (p < 0.05). After gastric digestion, the content (p > 0.05) and CAA values (p < 0.05) of most phenolic compounds increased. However, after intestinal digestion, the phenolic compounds were degraded to a greater extent, and different structures of phenolic compounds had different changes in CAA values (p < 0.05). In general, the CAA values of most phenolic compounds after in vitro digestion were lower than the initial value. The 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′‐azino‐bis (3‐ehylbenzthiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) values of phenolic acids and flavonols decreased after in vitro simulated digestion (p < 0.05), while the values of DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP of most flavonoids (p < 0.05) increased. The increased oxygen radical absorption capacity (ORAC) values were found in most phenolic acids, flavonols, and flavonoids (p < 0.05), and most flavanones showed unremarkable changes in ORAC values (p > 0.05). In general, the changing trend of chemical‐based antioxidant activity was consistent with the content of phenolic compounds.
... The extracts were submitted to an in vitro gastric and intestinal digestions following methods previously published [19,20] with some modifications. For the gastric digestion, an initial solution of 50 mL NaCl (0.9%), 8 mL HCl (0.1 M) and 4 mL pepsin solution (40 mg mL − 1 in 0.1 M HCl) was mixed with 6.4 mL of extract (50 mg mL − 1 ) and the pH was then adjusted (2-2.5). ...
The olive oil industry generates enormous amounts of olive stones each year, which have the potential to be used as a biofuel but have high oil content, which negatively impacts the combustion process. In addition, olive stones contain high-value antioxidants, and their exploitation can provide additional revenues for the biofuel industry.
In this work, we report the effect of different extraction solvents on the extraction of antioxidants and their activity. In addition, in vitro gastrointestinal digestion was used to evaluate the content and antioxidant activity of the olive stone extracts after gastrointestinal digestion. The extracts obtained by aqueous ethanol solvent (50% vol) exhibited the highest antioxidant activity with the DPPH IC50 of 1.27 mg mL⁻¹ and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) of 6.33 mg AAE g⁻¹. After in vitro digestion composed of gastric and intestinal processes, the antioxidant activity of olive stones decreased: DPPH IC50 value increased three times (a higher value of IC50 indicates lower antioxidant activity) and FRAP decreased almost five times with respect to the values obtained for original extracts.
Furthermore, both phenomenological and shrinking core models were used to fit experimental oil extraction kinetics data and showed good agreement. Thermodynamic analysis showed that the extraction process is endothermic and irreversible while spontaneous and thermodynamically favourable for all conditions except for oil extraction from olive stones of 3.10 mm particle size at 20 °C. The calculated value for temperature coefficient is in good agreement with the previously reported values for the oil extraction from similar biomass.
... The degradation rate of gallic acid, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, and catechin was faster and higher with the increase of pH. Previous studies have shown the pH (3.5-6.5) has an effect on the degradation of gallic acid, with pH = 4.5-5 being the optimum condition for maximum yield of gallic acid (Banerjee et al., 2005), and the stability of quercetin decreased with the increase of pH from 3.5 to 7 (Boyer et al., 2005). In addition, studies have also reported that catechin was more stable at pH 2-5, and degraded more slowly at pH 6-8. ...
Apple peel is the main solid part of the industrial waste generated during the production of apple juice or cider or apple vinegar. The effect of extraction of polyphenols from apple peels using ultrasonication in water carbon dioxide (CO2) systems was studied. Apple peels were extracted in water CO2 system at different CO2 concentrations (0–7.05 mmol/L) compared to different conventional solvents (distilled water and 10% ethanol/methanol aqueous solvent) without and with ultrasound treatment (the total specific energy input of ultrasound, W = 0.242 kW•h/kg) at room temperature. The extraction TPC and water holding capacity of apple peel samples both had a significant increase using ultrasonication for all solvents. In addition, the CO2 concentration in water CO2 system of 5.28 mmol/L was optimal for polyphenols extraction, including total polyphenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and proanthocyanidins content and antioxidant capacity (DPPH) enhancement using ultrasonication. The pH and electrical conductivity of liquid extracts increased with the increase of CO2 concentration in water CO2 system. Therefore, the water CO2 system could improve the extraction efficiency of polyphenols and active substances in apple peels using ultrasonication.
... It derived from human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma cells, when Caco-2 cells diferentiate and polarize, their structure and biochemical function are similar to intestinal cells, very close to normal human intestinal epithelium [38]. herefore, Caco-2 cell model is a reliable in vitro model to study the intestinal absorption and metabolism of natural phytochemicals, and is also a powerful tool to clarify the mechanism of natural phytochemicals absorption [39,40]. Boyer et al. [41] used Caco-2 cells to test the uptake of quercetin 3-glucoside and quercetin 3glucoside as puriied compounds and extracts from whole onion and apple skins. ...
Natural phytochemicals absorption and metabolic process are mainly in the human gut. Simulating the absorption and metabolism of natural phytochemicals in vitro to predict the rate and degree of absorption of natural phytochemicals provides convenience for many researchers. However, in this process, many physiological factors in vitro are affected, such as stomach and intestinal juice composition, pH, intestinal transmission rate and so on. In recent years, the research methods have gradually improved to make these models more suitable for the natural phytochemicals absorption process, in vitro simulation models have become an essential means to study natural phytochemicals absorption. Therefore, this paper introduces the advantages and disadvantages of commonly used in vitro simulation models of natural phytochemicals absorption and metabolism, as well as briefly introduces the working principle of each model. To provide a theoretical basis for simulating natural phytochemicals absorption in vitro and development and utilization of natural phytochemicals.
... The bioaccessibility of protocatechuic acid (44.9%), syringic acid (40.5%), and ferulic acid (40.4%) were high. Boyer et al. (2005) found quercetin and quercetin derivatives to be more stable at acidic pH than alkaline pH. Alkaline or neutral pH affected the stability of catechins (Neilson et al., 2007). ...
The phenolic content and antioxidant properties of fruits would be underestimated if the extraction method is not optimised and bound phenolic content are not considered. A Central Composite Design and Response Surface Methodology were used to optimize sonication time and ethanol concentration to obtain a food-grade phenolic extract from Natal plum fruit (Carissa Macrocarpa). The free and bound phenolics of Natal plum fruit were extracted, and their release was simulated by in vitro digestion. Optimal conditions (38% ethanol and 16.7 min of ultrasonication) yielded 863.99 mg kg⁻¹ fresh weight of total phenolics and 421.52 mg kg⁻¹ fresh weight of total anthocyanins. There were strong correlations between ferric reducing capacity to cyanidin 3-sambubioside (Cy-3-Sa) (R² = 0.948), and cyanidin 3-O-glucoside (Cy-3-G) (R² = 0.901). Compared to alkaline hydrolysis, acid hydrolysis produced more bound phenolic compounds. The optimum extract still had low anthocyanin bioaccessibility. The optimal extract of the Natal plum fruit may serve as a functional ingredient due to its high antioxidant capacity.
