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This review investigates the importance of non-NPKS nutrients within cereal and oilseed rape production systems. The review considers crop requirements, sources of nutrients, occurrence and diagnosis of deficiencies, strategies for avoiding/rectifying deficiencies, and knowledge gaps.
Crop requirements: The function of each nutrient for the plant...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... detail is therefore largely excluded from the current review, with only the key factors and their impacts considered in relation to soil supply, crop requirements and potential nutrient deficiency. In general, the availability of most micronutrients decreases at higher soil pH levels ( Figure 2). Low temperatures and other factors that affect root growth and activity, such as waterlogging or soil compaction, will also reduce micronutrient and other nutrient uptake. ...
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... most of the other micronutrients, Mo occurs in soils mainly as an oxycomplex, molybdate (MoO 4 2 ˉ) and, as a result, its behaviour in soil is similar to that of phosphate, being adsorbed by sesquioxides and clay minerals. The molybdate anion is strongly bound by ligand exchange, most strongly at pH 4.0 and decreasing with increasing soil pH ( Figure 2). Liming is well known to increase Mo availability and is the most effective treatment to correct/prevent the deficiency. ...
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... thorough description of micronutrient visual symptoms in wheat is discussed by Snowball and Robson (1991) and is summarised below and in Figure 20. Orlovius (2003) describes the main visual symptoms for micronutrient deficiencies in oilseed rape and this is summarised below ...
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... (Feng et al, 2005). * and ** indicate stati stical significance at the probability level of P<0.05, and P<0.01 re spectively. ...
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... close to the thresholds there are inconsistencies such that 1.8 mg/l zinc would be interpreted 'very low, deficiency very likely in susceptible crops' by ADAS (Anon, 1980a), 'risk' by NRM and 'moderate, no deficiency expected' by SAC ( Edwards et al., 2012) ( Figure 23); and a soil with 1.2 mg/l Cu would be above the RB209 threshold for 'possible deficiency' but would be interpreted by NRM as 'very low' and by SAC as 'low, deficiency possible' (Figure 22). ...
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... close to the thresholds there are inconsistencies such that 1.8 mg/l zinc would be interpreted 'very low, deficiency very likely in susceptible crops' by ADAS (Anon, 1980a), 'risk' by NRM and 'moderate, no deficiency expected' by SAC ( Edwards et al., 2012) ( Figure 23); and a soil with 1.2 mg/l Cu would be above the RB209 threshold for 'possible deficiency' but would be interpreted by NRM as 'very low' and by SAC as 'low, deficiency possible' (Figure 22). ...
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... include the NRM oilseed rape and the Teagasc scales for B (Figure 24), and the NRM wheat and oilseed rape scales for Zn (Figure 26), all of which are more sensitive than the values in Reuter (1986), i.e. tending to diagnose deficiency more readily than may be justified. ...
Context 8
... include the NRM oilseed rape and the Teagasc scales for B (Figure 24), and the NRM wheat and oilseed rape scales for Zn (Figure 26), all of which are more sensitive than the values in Reuter (1986), i.e. tending to diagnose deficiency more readily than may be justified. ...
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... interpretative scales for soil Cu (Figure 20) can also be compared to the analysis of yield responses shown in Figure 5. The RB209 and SAC scales most closely describes the relationship shown in Figure 5, which suggested a threshold of about 1.0 mg/kg soil Cu. ...
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... a typical randomised block experiment with four treatments and five replicates had a yield LSD of 0.5 t/ha, then increasing the replicate number to approximately 17 would reduce the LSD to 0.25 t/ha. Figure 25 gives an illustration of how changing replicate number may affect the LSD for a specific experiment with four treatments. This analysis shows that increases in replicate number have a diminishing effect on reducing the LSD and it indicates that it will be very difficult to reduce the LSD of a modest sized conventional randomised block experiment to <0.1 t/ha through simply increasing the number of replicates. ...
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Citations
... The EC values of all the samples were increased, with control soils increasing from 86.0 to 171.1 ± 18.2 µS cm −1 , while the EC values of CFA increased from 152.0 to 380.3 ± 42.1 µS cm −1 . This can be explained by the increased dissolution of minerals due to lower pH values, suggesting improved bioavailability of these ions [35]. CFA is highly characterized by minerals and as such higher EC values were reported in the CFA in comparison to the soil samples. ...
The disposal of coal fly ash (CFA) generated from coal-fired power stations has serious impact on the ecosystem, by converting large pieces of land to barren ash dams with the potential to contaminate groundwater, surface water, air and soil. The aim of this study was to clarify the potential of phytoremediation using Helichrysum splendidum (Thunb.) Less. in areas polluted by CFA through conduction of pot trial experiments for 14 weeks. Plants of the same age were cultivated in CFA to assess their growth, photosynthetic rate and tolerance towards metal toxicity. This study revealed that the CFA was moderately polluted with heavy metals, and a lower photosynthetic rate was recorded for the CFA plants in comparison to the controls (plants grown in soil). Although the CO 2 assimilation rate was lower for the CFA plants, increased growth was recorded for all the plants tested. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to quantify the amount of trace elements in samples and parameters including translocation factor (TF) and bioconcentration factor (BCF) were used to evaluate the phytoremediation potential of H. splendidum (Thunb.) Less. The results revealed that higher concentrations of Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn and Pb were accumulated in the roots, while As, Ni and Zn were found in the shoots. Elements including As, Cr and Zn reported TF values above 1, indicating the plants' phytoextraction potential. The BCF values for As, Cu and Zn were 1.22, 1.19 and 1.03, indicating effectiveness in the phytostabilization processes. A removal rate efficiency ranging from 18.0 to 56.7% was recorded confirming that, H. splendidum (Thunb.) Less. can be employed for restoration of CFA dams.
... Plants can readily access many macroelements such as nitrogen, calcium, potassium, magnesium, and sulfur within a pH range of 6.5-8, with the exception of phosphorus. Microelements, on the other hand, are available to plants in slightly acidic conditions with a pH of 5-7 ( Figure 2) [23,24]. Within the appropriate pH ranges, plants can efficiently uptake nutrients. ...
... For carrots, the optimal pH range is between 6.0 and 6.5. [24] One of the most significant factors for healthy plant growth is the optimum salt content in the soil solution. At very low concentrations of soil solution on poor soils, plants are not able to absorb the required amount of nutrients, while at the same time, an excessively high concentration of salts can sharply retard the growth of plants and even lead to their death, which often happens on saline soils of dry steppes and deserts, as well as when applying excessive doses of mineral fertilizers. ...
Carrots (Daucus carota L.) are one of the most consumed and economically significant vegetables worldwide, prized for their nutritional value and versatile culinary applications. The biochemical composition of carrot roots, including their phytochemical content, sugars, vitamins, and minerals, plays a crucial role in determining their quality and nutritional benefits. Fertilizers are commonly utilized in carrot cultivation to enhance yield and optimize growth parameters. However, the application of fertilizers can significantly influence the biochemical composition of carrot roots, thereby impacting their nutritional quality and health-promoting properties. This review comprehensively examines the current body of literature on the influence of fertilizers on the biochemical parameters of carrot roots, including changes in phytochemical content, sugars, vitamins, and minerals. Furthermore, it discusses the underlying mechanisms driving these effects and explores potential implications for carrot cultivation practices and consumer health.
... Source: [46]. ...
Soil acidity is a type of soil deterioration that has a negative impact on Ethiopia's overall and Western Oromia's specific sustainable agricultural production. Currently, soil acidity in highland portions of Western Oromia, including Gimbi, Nedjo, and surrounding areas, is a major problem that can impede agricultural productivity. Reviewing the mechanisms of soil acidification, which can affect soil nutrient availability and agricultural production, as well as management choices, were done in this context for this review topic. The main causes of acid soils are leaching of exchangeable basic cations and topsoil erosion caused by high temperatures and heavy rains, which promote the loss of organic matter the most. In most of Ethiopia's highland regions, the removal of agricultural waste and ongoing use of inorganic fertilizers that produce acidity are major factors in the development of soil acidity. Al and Mn toxicity are caused by acid soil, which also reduces nutrient availability. Furthermore, agricultural yield decreases due to acidity in the soil. The management options for acid soils include crop types resistant to Al toxicity, liming, and the use of organic materials as integrated forms of soil fertility control. Therefore, lime and organic fertilizers should be employed as crucial agricultural techniques for smallholder farmers in acidic soil locations in order to decrease the effects of soil acidity.
... Beyond photosynthesis, carbon dioxide, water and sunlight, grapevines rely on several macro and micronutrients (Roques et al., 2013) in the soil as they are known to impact grape chemical composition, and thus the quality of wine (Lazcano et al., 2020). It's rather noteworthy that out of all of the elements on earth, only 16 are vital for plants, including grapevines (Peacock, 1999). ...
Liebig’s law of the minimum states that a plant’s growth is not influenced by the total nutrients available, but is limited by the scarcest. Finding the balance of available macro and micronutrients, even in the world’s most prestigious and fertile vineyards, is unlikely. The consequence of this reality is the application of commercial mineral fertilizers containing plant available nitrogen (N), potassium (K), and phosphorus(P), which over the long term, may result in decreased soil fertility, prevailing over any interim benefits. Ironically, a sustainable answer can be found in rubbish. Banana peels create 36 million tons of waste, which is typically disposed of in landfills, despite the evidence that it contains significant nutrients for soil fertility. The following study investigates the application of banana peel-based fertilizers as an organic and sustainable alternative to promote vine growth, nutrient availability (N, K, P, Fe, Zn) and soil humus content in a vineyard in the Kremstal wine region of Austria. The experiment consists of an untreated control and two fertilizer treatments applied as a solid and a liquid, both based on organic banana (Musa) peels. One kg of the solid treatment was applied on 1 March 2023 and 0.5 l of the liquid treatment was applied monthly, four times, from April to July. The experiment collected multiple parameters including trunk diameter, shoot length, vine height, leaf count, pruning weight, phenological development (BBCH), soil humus and nutrient availability. The experiment recorded an increase in the availability of K in the soil, measuring an average of 171 mg/kg for the solid treatment compared to 108 mg/kg for the control. No statistically significant changes were measured for plant growth in biomass, phenological development, humus, pH or other soil nutrients. This study demonstrates that solid banana peel fertilizer can be used as an organic vineyard soil adjuvant for improving K in V. vinifera soil nutrition.
... Even though there was a tendency for dilution of tissue nutrient concentration with increasing biomass for K and S (which was to be expected given the finite amount of available fertiliser added), the analysis of nutrient uptake averaged across N fertiliser rates showed that K and S concentrations in the acid-treated zeolite treatments were significantly lower than expected on the basis of plant growth/dilution. This nutrient deficiency could have been due to the acidification of the top soil layer caused by the rather low pH of the acid-treated zeolite (4.2, see Table 1), as numerous studies have reported a reduction in K and S availability to plant uptake in soils with a pH lower than approximately 5 (El-Tahir 1976; Roques et al. 2013). ...
Aims
The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of natural (NatZeo) and acid-treated (AcidZeo) zeolites in increasing the nitrogen (N) recovery of sugarcane grown under conditions highly conducive for N losses.
Methods
This glasshouse trial replicated the pedoclimatic conditions typical of the Australian sugarcane industry in the Wet Tropics to evaluate the capacity and economic feasibility of using NatZeo and AcidZeo to reduce leaching and increase plant and soil N recovery in a highly permeable sandy-loam soil. Nitrogen fertiliser was applied at two rates (84 and 120 kg N ha⁻¹) as ¹⁵N-enriched urea.
Results
Compared with the unamended treatments, AcidZeo led to significantly higher average fertiliser N recoveries in both the soil (+24%) and plant (+54%), which resulted in significantly lower overall N losses (−22%). However, the significantly higher capacity of AcidZeo in retaining ions limited the availability of potassium and sulphur to the plants and led to a 4% yield reduction. The use of NatZeo led to lower abatements of N losses (−6%) but increased N recoveries in the plant (+22%). NatZeo did not result in as much cation immobilisation, which, combined with the increased plant/soil N recovery, resulted in the highest yield of the trial (+8% compared with the unamended treatments). The economic analysis indicated that only NatZeo could potentially increase farmer’s income when applied in 20 cm wide strips around the fertiliser band.
Conclusions
This study highlights that zeolites have potential to improve the environmental sustainability and profitability of sugarcane cropping systems.
... For the 2017 sample, the pHH2O was 5.2 and 5.1 at 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm, respectively. These values correspond to strongly acidic soils with low availability of certain nutrients, especially phosphorus, magnesium, and calcium [57,58]. In 2019, the pHH2O increased by +18% from 5.2 to 6.1 at the 0-20 cm depth, shifting from a strong to moderately acidic soil. ...
Developing climate-smart agriculture is an urgent necessity to ensure the food security of a growing global population, to improve the adaptation of agricultural systems to climatic hazards, and to reach a negative carbon balance. Different approaches are being explored to achieve those objectives, including the development of new technologies for efficiency improvements to current systems and substitution of chemical inputs by bio-inputs, but the urgency of the climatic, social, and environmental context calls for more disruptive actions to be taken. We propose an approach to the design of climate-smart production systems structured in four steps: (1) diagnosis of the study region on the basis of the three pillars of climate-smart agriculture, (2) co-design of a disruptive system only based on agroecological and bioeconomic principles, (3) long-term experimentation of this system, and (4) in itinere adjustment of the system based on collected data and on-field evaluations with agricultural stakeholders. The outcome of this approach is the agroecological microfarm named KARUSMART, settled in 2018 on one hectare in the North Basse-Terre region of Guadeloupe (F.W.I.). This study presents its co-design and experimentation stages as well as the first performance results. At the end of the first two years, this microfarm showed a clear improvement in 15 of the 19 indicators used to evaluate the performance of the actual farming systems in the study region. Among the most striking results are a clear superiority in nutritional performance from 3 pers.ha-1 to 8 pers.ha-1 and a reduction in GHG balance from +2.4 tCO2eq.ha-1 to −1.1 tCO2eq.ha-1 for the study area and the microfarm, respectively. These results are promising for developing climate-smart agricultural systems and need to be consolidated further through longer-term monitoring data, the implementation of more similar systems in the study area, and the implementation of the design principles in other contexts.
... However, molybdenum is more available at moderately alkaline pH values [146]. The optimal pH may vary slightly for the uptake of different nutrients depending on soil type and OM content [147], as reported in the Illinois Agronomy Handbook [148], where liming is recommended to maintain the optimum pH for cereal crops between 6.2 and 7.3. Another factor is soil depth relative to the water table, since water and nutrient availability can be limited by salt accumulation within the root zone of soils with poor drainage [149]. ...
Nitrogen (N) losses are a major environmental issue. Globally, crop N fertilizer applications are excessive, and N use efficiency (NUE) is low. N loss represents a significant economic loss to the farmer. NUE is difficult to quantify in real time because of the multiple chemical–biological–physical factors interacting. While there is much scientific understanding of N interactions in the plant–soil system, there is little formal expression of scientific knowledge in farm practice. The objective of this study was to clearly define the factors controlling NUE in wheat production, focusing on N inputs, flows, transformations, and outputs from the plant–soil system. A series of focus groups were conducted with professional agronomists and industry experts, and their technical information was considered alongside a structured literature review. To express this understanding, clear graphical representations are provided in the text. The analysis of the NUE processes revealed 16 management interventions which could be prioritized to increase farm nitrogen use efficiency. These management interventions were grouped into three categories—inputs, flow between pools, and outputs—and include management options through the range of application errors, fertilizer input choice, root development, pests and disease, soil structure, harvesting and storage errors, and soil resources of water, micronutrients, carbon, nitrogen, and pH. It was noted that technical solutions such as fertilizer formulation and managing organic matter require significant supply chain upgrades. It was also noted that farm-scale decision support would be best managed using a risk/probability-based recommender system rather than generic guidelines.
... The next largest element that can be recovered is Zn, with an average of 4451 kg available. In cereal crops, Zn is required for protein synthesis, sugar formation and optimal photosynthesis levels [28,29]. Rehman, Farooq [29] reported that that wheat yields in Turkey increased by 32% when Zn-deficient soils were amended with adequate Zn fertilisation. ...
... Rehman, Farooq [29] reported that that wheat yields in Turkey increased by 32% when Zn-deficient soils were amended with adequate Zn fertilisation. Roques, Kendall [28] report that barley crops (grain only) remove 0.03 kg t −1 . This suggests that, using the mean values for wool yield ( Table 2) and Zn content of wool (Table 3), hydrolysing wool and utilising the product as a soil amendment would provide enough Zn to meet the offtake needs of 5.3 million ha of barley with an average yield of 10 t ha −1 . ...
... Wool hydrolysate could also produce approximately 87,280 kg of Cu annually. As barley has a Cu offtake of 0.009 kg t −1 [28], the crop requirements of 9.7 million ha of barley could be met through the application of wool hydrolysate soil amendments. Cu is an important parameter for the production of viable pollen for grain production, CO 2 assimilation, and ATP production [28,30]. ...
Suppressed wool prices in Ireland over the last number of years has led to situations where the cost of shearing animals is greater than the wools’ value, leading to net losses per animal for farmers. Populations of sheep in Ireland and nutrient values of wool from literature sources were used to determine the quantity of nutrients that could be produced on an annual basis using hydrolysis techniques. Results of this study suggest that up to 15.8% of the nitrogen required to produce Ireland’s cereal crops can be met annually using hydrolysed sheep wool in an economically feasible manner along with considerable amounts of sulphur, zinc, and copper. Most of the cost associated with the process is the purchasing of wool from farmers at an economically favourable level for farmers. Based on the spatial distribution of these animals, the town of Athlone is the most suitable location for a processing facility.
... No statistically significant changes in the concentrations of zinc in clover shoots cultivated on the nonmodified soil and the soil with drilling wastes addition were observed. The increasing concentrations of Cu in biomass can be attributed to the increase of its concentrations in soil, and maintaining pH within the range that favor mobility and bioavailability of this element, which are the highest in pH range 5-6.5 [46]. The mobility of other analyzed elements increases at pH 6-6.5 values, slightly acidic and very slightly alkaline, which characterized the prepared mixtures. ...
A greenhouse experiment was carried out to evaluate the influence of drill cuttings addition on the accumulation of heavy metals in soil, in plant biomass (Trifolium pretense L.) cultivated on soils with the addition of this type of waste. The transfer and transformation of heavy metals in the soil with drill cuttings- Trifolium pretense L were discussed. Drilling waste in the amount of 2.5%, 5%, 10% and 15% of dry weight were added to acidic soil. The concentrations of heavy metals in the soil and plant materials were determined by an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry method. Results indicated that drilling wastes addition had a positive influence on the growth of Trifolium pretense L. However, the concentrations of heavy metals increased in the prepared mixtures along with the dose of drilling wastes. The drilling wastes addition also changed the metal accumulation capacity in plant parts. Nevertheless, the concentrations of heavy metals in soils and above-ground parts of plants did not exceed the permissible values in respective legal standards. The values of the heavy metals bioconcentration coefficient in Trifolium pretense L at the highest dose of drill cuttings were as follows: in the above-ground parts Cd>Cu>Ni>Cr>Pb>Zn, in roots Cd>Ni>Cr>Zn>Pb>Cu. An artificial neural network model was developed in order to predict the concentration of heavy metals in the plants cultivated on the soils polluted with drill cuttings. The input (drill cuttings dose, pH, organic matter content) and the output data (concentration of heavy metals in the shoot cover) were simulated using an artificial neural network program. The results of this study indicate that an artificial neural network trained for experimental measurements can be successfully employed to rapidly predict the heavy metal content in clover. The artificial neural network achieved coefficients of correlation over 90%.
... Many farmers from that agro-ecoregion come from the South agro-ecoregion and they are used to applying higher lime rates adjusted to clay soils and high SOM content and, in consequence, to higher buffer capacity [63]. The input of these rates in the Northeast fields resulted in a sharp increase in soil pH in water that was associated with low metallic micronutrients availability, such as Cu 2+ and Mn 2+ [64] (Figure 4). The sand content had a linear and quadratic relationship with β-glucosidase and arylsulfatase, respectively. ...
... Mn 2+ plays an important role in plant metabolic functions acting as an essential cofactor in the reduction of oxygen and stimulating the photosynthetic machinery by catalyzing the water division in photosynthesis [66]. In addition, Cu 2+ is an essential component of various proteins that act in photosynthesis, respiration, and phytohormones linked to pollen production [64]. Therefore, the metallic micronutrients are essential to plant hormonal metabolism related to crop performance, as observed in the PCA analysis in our study (Figure 2). ...
... Therefore, the metallic micronutrients are essential to plant hormonal metabolism related to crop performance, as observed in the PCA analysis in our study (Figure 2). Their deficiency generally is associated with high pH (Figure 4), low SOM content, and dry soil [64], as verified in the Northeast field in our study (Table 2). ...
Conservation agriculture has been promoted as the main strategy to regenerate soil life but its effect on soil enzyme activity remains little documented. This study investigated the β-glucosidase and arylsulfatase enzymes as tools to evaluate soil health at the field level. Croplands in four main grain-producing states in Brazil were selected for this study. In each cropland, three environments (high yield (HYE), medium yield (MYE), and low yield (LYE)) were delineated for soil sampling to determine soil chemical attributes and enzyme activity. In one of these fields with a large temporal database, soil DNA characterization was also undertaken. The two soil enzymes investigated were affected by a range of soil attributes and the most important of these were identified. Around 40% of the data points sampled had low soil organic matter content; these were associated with low enzyme activity. Furthermore, in HYE there was more biodiversity and a higher presence of plant-growth promoters, while in LYE there were more plant pathogenic organisms.
