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The distribution probability value (%) in Conservation Areas for Castanopsis argentea and C. tungurrut. Red circles are C. argentea; green circles are C. tungurrut. *Field validation site

The distribution probability value (%) in Conservation Areas for Castanopsis argentea and C. tungurrut. Red circles are C. argentea; green circles are C. tungurrut. *Field validation site

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Recently, Castanopsis argentea (Blume) A.DC. and Castanopsis tungurrut (Blume) A.DC. have been listed as endangered species by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). For conservation planning, it is important to know the full distribution of species. This study aimed to predict the potential distribution of C. argentea and C...

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... Sumatra, North Sumatra and Jambi conservation area networks were the most suitable areas. The modeled distributions of both species suggest that they are well covered by the conservation areas of Sumatra, Indonesia ( Figure 5). ...

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... According to Harapan et al. (2022), for endangered taxa, field surveys in areas with a probability ≥80% have a high potential for locating the targeted taxa. This suggests that areas with high probability predictions in the model are indeed likely to be suitable habitats for the species in question. ...
... The MaxEnt model demonstrates good performance in predicting the potential distribution of C. sumatrana. An AUC value between 0.90 and 0.95 indicates a good model, while values between 0.95 and 1.00 suggest excellence, reflecting a close approximation to real-world conditions (Harapan et al. 2022). The IUCN assessment indicates that C. sumatrana is facing habitat decline due to human activities and is likely to be classified as endangered in the future (Nurainas and Ardiyani 2019). ...
... Our model shows that soil and precipitation significantly limits the distribution of C. sumatrana. Soil properties, in particular, have been shown to influence the habitat suitability of endangered species (Harapan et al. 2022). Previous studies on various taxa have indicated that precipitation is a more crucial factor for plant distribution than temperature (Song et al. 2016;Chen et al. 2017;He et al. 2021;Harapan et al. 2022;Mkala et al. 2023;Shi et al. 2024;Solfiyeni et al. 2024;Song et al. 2024;. ...
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Syafira F, Nurainas, Syamsuardi. 2024. New record and potential spatial distribution of Curcuma sumatrana (Zingiberaceae): An endemic wild turmeric in Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 4127-4138. Curcuma sumatrana Miq. is a Sumatran turmeric species with medicinal potential. However, it remains underutilized and is classified as vulnerable by the IUCN. Its vulnerability is aggravated by limited knowledge of its distribution, a need for more data on habitat preferences, and habitat degradation. Field observations revealed significant morphological variations among populations, likely influenced by environmental factors. This study assessed the morphology, microhabitat preferences, and spatial distribution of C. sumatrana in West Sumatra, Indonesia. Surveys and laboratory observations highlighted morphological traits, such as leaf and ligule length and width, significantly contribute to these observed variations. Notably, the leaf shape differed between open and shaded areas, being narrowly elliptic in open areas and broadly elliptic in shaded areas. Populations in Koto Malintang and Lubuk Minturun showed distinct differences, separated by six morphological traits. The C. sumatrana prefers habitats with fertile soils, moderate plant diversity, and open land cover, often coexisting with species like Dendrocnide stimulans (L.fil.) Chew, Macaranga tanarius (L.) Müll.Arg., and Diplazium sp. Maximum Entropy modeling (AUC 0.944) predicted a highly suitable habitat of 918 hectares in the western Bukit Barisan range. The model suggests distribution is influenced by soil type and precipitation patterns during the seasonal, warmest, and coldest quarters, as well as land cover. New records from West Sumatra extend the species' known range, reaffirming its vulnerable status with a potential risk of becoming endangered.
... This can help gain insights into broader ecological processes, potentially improving conservation efforts for C. tungurrut and other related plant species in the park. Harapan et al. (2022) claimed that the most important variables for predicting the distribution of C. tungurrut are elevation, temperature seasonality, and precipitation in the warmest quarter. This species' distribution has been limited to an altitudinal range of 1400-1800 m asl in Sumatera and 1000-1800 m asl in Java, and it is mostly absent at lower elevations due to human activities, including agriculture and settlement (Simbolon, 2001;Harapan et al., 2022). ...
... Harapan et al. (2022) claimed that the most important variables for predicting the distribution of C. tungurrut are elevation, temperature seasonality, and precipitation in the warmest quarter. This species' distribution has been limited to an altitudinal range of 1400-1800 m asl in Sumatera and 1000-1800 m asl in Java, and it is mostly absent at lower elevations due to human activities, including agriculture and settlement (Simbolon, 2001;Harapan et al., 2022). ...
... According to Körner et al. (2016), plants have well-defined threshold responses to temperature, which reveal unique abnormalities in cell function within a constrained temperature range, affecting the plant's survival, growth, and ability to regenerate. The result that temperature is the dominant climatic driver of C. tungurrut distribution conforms to the findings of previous studies by Harapan et al. (2022), Fathia et al. (2019), Kusmana and Suwandhi (2019), Santhyami et al. (2021), and Wibowo (2006). They revealed that temperature and altitude were the dominant factors influencing the distribution of C. tungurrut in Sumatera, while in West Java, including Mount Galunggung, Pakenjeng Garut and Mount Gede Pangrango, the altitude in the submontane zone (1000-1400 m asl) and slopes > 40% were observed to be the limiting environmental factors for the distribution of C. tungurrut. ...
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Castanopsis tungurrut (Blume) A. DC. (Fagaceae) is an Indonesian native plant species with limited spatial distribution; it is found only in Java, Kalimantan, and Sumatera in lower montane to submontane forests. This species has been classified as endangered by the IUCN, necessitating collection of more information on its habitat and environmental preferences before embarking on conservation planning. Studies on the species' natural habitat are scarce. This study aims to identify the environmental factors (edaphic + climatic factors) influencing the distribution of C. tungurrut along an altitudinal gradient in the Cibodas Biosphere Reserve. The nested plot method was applied to assess the forest vegetation at an altitudinal range of ca. 750-1800 m asl. Environmental factors were measured using portable equipment and through laboratory analysis. Ordination technique using canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was utilised to pinpoint the environmental factors influencing the species' distribution based on basal area. CCA showed temperature to be the most limiting factor affecting the distribution. Edaphic factors-cation exchange capacity, content of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, and soil pH-had less influence. Thus, it can be inferred that dependence of C. tungurrut on temperature determines its distribution pattern in its natural habitat, like Ostodes paniculata and Sloanea sigun. In contrast, the distribution of Castanopsis javanica, Castanopsis argentea, Schima wallichii, Altingia excelsa, Dacrycarpus imbricatus, Cestrum aurantiacum, and Castanopsis acuminatissima was found to be more influenced by edaphic factors than by climatic factors.
... A comprehensive understanding of the species, along with further surveys and spatial distribution analysis, is crucial for protecting against potential extinction. Future strategies must focus on the long-term survival of the species through ex situ conservation in suitable habitats combined with in situ conservation efforts (Volis and Blecher 2010;Harapan et al. 2022). ...
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A new species of stone oak, Lithocarpus tapanuliensis Harapan, W.H.Tan, Nurainas & Strijk from South Tapanuli, North Sumatra, Indonesia is described. We provide colour photographs, a distribution map and a new IUCN conservation status assessment for inclusion on the global Red List. The unique cupule morphology, particularly the shape, placement and distinctness of the cupule protuberances, are distinctive from other Lithocarpus species in the region. Ecological interactions (e.g. consumption and nesting) with Tapanuli orangutans were recorded in the field.
... The first step in conservation is to understand the relationship between the geographic distribution of taxa and environmental conditions. And this assessment can help conserve and restore endangered plants more scientifically and cost-effectively (Harapan et al., 2022). In this study, the contribution of environmental variables to the geographic distribution was determined by percent contribution and permutation importance. ...
... Bio01 value in SSP126 and SSP585 and box plots of bio01 change within CPD. The first step in conservation is to understand the relationship between the geographical distribution of taxa and environmental conditions (Harapan et al., 2022). The results show that precipitation (bio15) and temperature (bio01 and bio03) are the main factors limiting the distribution of G. manshurica. ...
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Human activities and climate change have significantly impacted the quantity and sustainable utilization of medicinal plants. Gentiana manshurica Kitagawa, a high-quality original species of Gentianae Radix et Rhizoma, has significant medicinal value. However, wild resources have experienced a sharp decline due to human excavation, habitat destruction, and other factors. Consequently, it has been classified as an Endangered (EN) species on the IUCN Red List and is considered a third-level national key-protected medicinal material in China. The effects of climate change on G. manshurica are not yet known in the context of the severe negative impacts of climate change on most species. In this study, an optimized MaxEnt model was used to predict the current and future potential distribution of G. manshurica. In addition, land use data in 1980, 2000, and 2020 were used to calculate habitat quality by InVEST model and landscape fragmentation by the Fragstats model. Finally, using the above-calculated results, the priority protection areas and wild tending areas of G. manshurica were planned in ZONATION software. The results show that the suitable area is mainly distributed in the central part of the Songnen Plain. Bio15, bio03, bio01, and clay content are the environmental variables affecting the distribution. In general, the future potential distribution is expected to show an increasing trend. However, the species is expected to become threatened as carbon emission scenarios and years increase gradually. At worst, the high suitability area is expected to disappear completely under SSP585-2090s. Combined with the t-test, this could be due to pressure from bio01. The migration trends of climate niche centroid are inconsistent and do not all move to higher latitudes under different carbon emission scenarios. Over the past 40 years, habitat quality in the current potential distribution has declined yearly, and natural habitat has gradually fragmented. Existing reserves protect only 9.52% of G. manshurica’s priority conservation area. To avoid extinction risk and increase the practicality of the results, we clarified the hotspot counties of priority protection area gaps and wild tending areas. These results can provide an essential reference and decision basis for effectively protecting G. manshurica under climate change.